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352 13. Criteria and Regulations for Noise ControlConstruction over the 11-km-long project occurred 24 h a day in various locationswithin the city. Construction equipment operated in close proximity tothousands of residential and commercial properties, in some cases as close as3 m away. Hundreds of construction machinery were operating at any one timethroughout the project. The range of equipment types used is wide, includingcranes, slurry trenching machines, hydromills, hoe rams, pile drivers, jackhammers,dump trucks, bulldozers, concrete and chain saws, and gas and pneumaticallypowered hand tools. Upon the completion of this project, more than 10 millioncubic meters of excavated materials will have been removed and nearly 3 millioncubic meters of concrete poured.In order to contain the acoustical impact of the project, while supporting andmaintaining the progress of construction, the CA/T Project people developed apolicy summary to establish an overall noise control program that includes (a) acommitment statement to minimize noise impact on neighboring residences whilesustaining construction progress; (b) a summary of the Project Noise ControlSpecification criteria and components; (c) an expression of willingness to developarea-specific noise mitigation strategies tailored to particular community needs andsensitivities; (d) an approach and criteria for judging the worthiness of mitigationmeasures; and (e) a commitment to provide qualified noise experts to oversee contractorcompliance in the field. Construction Noise Control Specification, 721.560adopted and enforced by the CA/T Project, ranks as the most comprehensive andstringent noise code of any pubic works project in the United States.In addition to the CA/T project, other outstanding sets of codes or regulationspertaining to construction noise (Raichel and Dallal, 1999a,b) include those by theHong Kong and Singapore governments as well as those developed for the I-15project in Utah. Germany’s “Blue Angel” seal program certifies noise-generatingequipment that operate below specified noise levels.ReferencesAnonymous. 1998. Low-Noise Cpnstruction has a Future (Leises Bauen hat Zukunft):Noise Reduction with the “Blue Angel” (Lämminderung mit dem “Blauen Engel”),1st ed. Kalsruhe, Germany, Fachinformationszentrum, Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftlishtechnische,Barry, T. M., and Reagan, J. R. 1978. FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model.Report FHWA-RD-77-108. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.Beranek, Leo L. 1989a. Balanced Noise Criterion (NCB) Curves. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 86: 650–664.Beranek, Leo L. 1989b. Applications of NCB noise criterion curves. Noise Control EngineeringJournal 33: 45–56.Blazier, W. E. 1981. Revised noise criteria for application in the acoustical design andrating of HVAC Systems. Noise Control Engineering16: 64–73.Bowlby, W. (ed.). 1981. Sound Procedures for Measuring Highway Noise: Final Report.Report FHWA-DP-45-1. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.Bowlby, W., and Cohn, L. F. 1982. Highway Construction Noise: Environmental Assessmentand Abatement, Vol. 4: User’s Manual for FWHA Highway Construction Noise
References 353Computer Program, HICNOM. Vanderbilt University Report VTR 81-2. Washington,DC: Federal Highway Administration.Bowlby, W. 1980. SNAP 1.1—A Revised Program and User’s Manual for the FHWA Level 1Highway Noise Traffic Noise Prediction Computer Program. Report FHWA-DP-45-4.Arlington, VA: Federal Highway Administration.Bowlby, W., Higgins J., and Reagan, J. (ed.). 1982. Noise Barrier Cost Reduction Procedure,STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA: User’s Manual. Report FHWA-DR-58-1. Washington,DC: Federal Highway Administration (based on Menge, C. W. 1981. User’s Manual:Barrier Cost Reduction Procedure, STAMINA 2.0 and OPTIMA, Report 4686.Cambridge, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.Council of the European Communities. May 12, 1986. Council Directive 86/188/EE onthe Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Noise at Work.Department of Labor Occupational Noise Exposure Standard. May 29, 1971. Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910, Subpart G, 36 FR 10466.Department of Labor Occupational Noise Exposure Standard. March 8, 1983. AmendedCode of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XVII. Part 1910, 48FR9776-9785.Edge, Jr., P. M., and Cawthorn, J. M. February 1977. Selected Methods for Quantificationof Community Exposure to Aircraft Noise, NASA TN D-7977.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 1973. Public Health and Welfare Criteriafor Noise. Washington, DC: EPA.European Union Council. June 17, 1999. Proposal for a Directive of the European Paliamentand of the Council on the Approximation of the Laws of Member States Relating toNoise Emission by Equipment Used Outdoors. Interinstitutional File 09/0029. Brussels:European Council of EU.European Union Council. 2000. Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors (OfficialJounral L 162 of 03.07.2000).European Union Council. 2002. Directive 2002/30/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council of 26 March 2002 on the establishment of rules and procedures withregard to the introduction of noise-related operating restrictions at Community airports(Official Journal L 085, 29/03/2002: 0040-0046).European Union Council. 2002. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 6 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management o environmentalnoise. (Official Journal L 189, 18/07/2002).Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). January 18, 1865 (revised). Part 150—Airportnoise compatibility planning. Federal Aviation Regulations. Washington, DC: FederalAviation Administration.Federal Highway Administration. July 8, 1982. Procedures for abatement of highway trafficnoise and construction noise. 23 C.F.R., Part 722. Federal Register vol. 47: 29653–29657.Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON). 1992. Final Report: Airport NoiseAssessment Methodologies and Metrics. Washington DC: FICON.Federal Register, 40. May 28, 1975. p. 23105.Fidell, S., Barber, D., and Schultz, T. 1991. Updating a dosage-effect relationship for theprevalence of annoyance due to general transportation noise. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 89, 1: 221–233.Gottlob, D. 1995. Regulations for community noise. Noise/News International 3(4): 223–236.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
Page 307 and 308: 12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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Page 311 and 312: 12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
Page 313 and 314: 12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
Page 315 and 316: 12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
Page 317 and 318: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
Page 319 and 320: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
Page 321 and 322: Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
Page 323 and 324: Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
Page 325 and 326: 13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
Page 327 and 328: 13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
Page 329 and 330: 13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
Page 331 and 332: 13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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Page 335 and 336: 13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Page 339 and 340: Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
Page 341 and 342: 13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Page 361 and 362: Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
Page 363 and 364: 14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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Page 373 and 374: 14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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Page 377 and 378: 14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
Page 379 and 380: 14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
Page 381 and 382: 14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
Page 383 and 384: 14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
Page 385 and 386: 14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
Page 387 and 388: 14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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Page 393 and 394: 14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
Page 395 and 396: 14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
Page 397 and 398: Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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Page 401 and 402: 14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
Page 403 and 404: 14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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