THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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Problems for Chapter 16 477Ensminger, Dale. 1988. Ultrasonics: Fundamental, Technology, Applications, 2nd ed. NewYork: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (A comprehensive, well-done modern text giving an overviewof the field of ultrasonics.)Frenzel, H. and Schültes, Z. 1934. Physical Chemistry 27B:421.Gaitan, D. F. and Crum, L. A. 1990. In: Frontiers of Nonlinear Acoustics. Hamilton, M.and Blackstock, D. R. (eds.). New York: Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 49–463.Gaitan, D. F., Crum, L. A., Roy, A., and Church, C. C. 1992. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 91:3166.Herzfeld, Karl F. and Litovitz, Theodore A. 1959. Absorption and Dispersion of UltrasonicWaves. New York: Academic Press. (A classic reference on ultrasonic phenomena.)Hunter, T. F. and Bolt, R. G. 1955. Sonics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 234.Landau, Lev and Teller, Edward. 1936. Zur Theorie der Schaledispersion. Physik ZeitschriftSowjet Union 10:34.Leighton, T. G. 1994. The Acoustic Bubble. London: Academic Press.Maeda, K. and Ide, M. 1986. IEEE Transactions: Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and FrequencyControl, UFFX-33(2):179–185.Mason, Warren P. (ed.). 1964. Physical Acoustics—Principles and Methods, Vol. 1, PartA. New York: Academic Press, Chapters 3–5.Morse, R. W. 1959. In: Progress on Cryogenics. Mendelssohn, K., (ed.), Vol. I. London:Heywood.Neppiras, E. A. 1973. The prestressed piezoelectric sandwich transducer. Proceedings ofthe International Ultrasonics Conference: pp. 295–300.Shields, F. D. 1962. thermal relaxation in fluorine. Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica 34(3): 271.Sternberg, M. S. 1958. Physics Review 110:772.Suslick, Kenneth S. and Crum, Lawrence A. 1997. Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence.In: Encyclopedia of Acoustics. Crocker, Malcolm J. (ed.), Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley& Sons, Chapter 26, pp. 71–281.Winter, T. G. and Hill, G. L. 1967. High temperature ultrasonic measurements of rotationalrelaxation in hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 42(4): 848.Zuckerwar, A. J. and Griffin, W. A. 1980. Resonant tube for measurement of sound absorptionof gases at low frequency/pressure ratios. Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica 68(1):218.Problems for Chapter 161. For a frequency of 0.1 MHz, find the threshold frequency in gas-free water forthe onset of cavitation. Compare with the value of the threshold for aeratedwater subjected to the same frequency.2. At a hydrostatic pressure of 135 μPa and a 35 kHz sinusoidal signal, find thecritical radius for cavitation to occur. Assume a value of 1.4 for the ratio ofspecific heats and a surface tension of 75 dynes/cm.3. At a magnetic field of 500 oersteds, find the mechanical strain of nickel.4. At the magnetic field of 500 oersteds, find the mechanical strain of permendur.What is the major difference between the mechanical strain of this problem andthat of Problem 3?
478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases of Problems 3 and 4 for a crystal of 20 mm length, what will be therespective changes in the length of the crystals fabricated from the materials ofthe last two problems?6. Compare the mechanical strains of ferrous ferrite with that of 12 Alter for amagnetic polarization of 20 weber m 2 .7. Given a magnetostrictive material with a known Young’s modulus of 110 GPaand a density of 7650 kg/m 3 :(a) what is the velocity of sound in that material?(b) find the fundamental frequency for magentostriction for a length of 50 mm.8. Why is A-scanning inadequate for a sonogram of a fetus?
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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Page 435 and 436: Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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Page 441 and 442: 15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
Page 443 and 444: Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
Page 445 and 446: 15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
Page 447 and 448: Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
Page 449 and 450: 444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
Page 451 and 452: 446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
Page 453 and 454: 448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
Page 455 and 456: 450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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Page 463 and 464: 458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
Page 465 and 466: 460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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Page 473 and 474: 468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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528 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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