THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

18.10 Wind Instruments 547Figure 18.33. A contemporary organ console (from Olson, 1967).or closed by fingers either directly or through the use of keys to determine theeffective length of the resonating air column. The overall length of the bassoonis about 123 cm, but the doubled conical air column is about 245 cm long. Thebassoon covers roughly three octaves from E 1 to E 3 . The contra bassoon can beconsidered the bigger brother of the bassoon, but its tube is folded several timesto yield an air column as long as about 480 cm while keeping the overall lengthof the instrument to a manageable 127 cm. The fundamental frequency range runsfrom B 0 to F 3 .The sarrusophone, essentially a double-mechanical reed coupled to a foldedbrass tube of conical bore with a flare at the open end, comes in several sizescovering different fundamental ranges. The effective length of the air column isvaried by a number of holes that are opened and closed by cover valves operatedby keys. The most common type of sarrusophone is the contrabass type, whosefundamental frequency range from D 1 to B 3 .The modern organ illustrated in Figure 18.33 is really more than one type ofinstrument. It is considered to be a combination mechanical-reed and air-reedinstrument. It consists of a large number of flue- and reed-type pipes controlleddirectly by manual and pedal keyboards and less directly by stops, couplers, andpistons. The organ console in Figure 18.33 is shown to contain three manuals, apedal keyboard, tablet couplers, thumb and toe pistons, and swell pedals. Organs