THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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Problems for Chapter 17 507Hope, Simpson D., Chin, C. T., and Burns, P. N. 1999. Pulse inversion Doppler: a newmethod for detection of nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents. IEEE TransactionsUFFC 46: 372–382.Jacobs, J. E. 1962. Proceeding On Physics and Nondestructive Testing. October 2–4, 1962.San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute: 59–74.Jacobs, J. E., Reimann, K., and Buss, L. 1968. Materials Evaluation 26(8): 155–158.Joyner, Claude R, (ed.). 1974. Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular-PulmonaryDisease. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. (written by clinicians primarilyfor clinicians.)Kaspersen, J. H. 2003. Clinical trials with new navigation system: Custus X. SINTEF [Online, available at: http://www.sintef.no/static/UM/UL/cx/cx.html].Krüger, J. F. von and Evans, David H. Doppler ultrasound tracking instrument for monitoringblood flow velocity. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 28: 1499–1508.Needleman, L. and Forsberg, F. 1996. Contrast agents in ultrasound. Ultrasound Quarterly13: 121–138.Ouellette, Jennifer. 1998. New ultrasound therapies emerge. The Industrial Physicist,pp. 30–34.Shahbender, R. A. 1961. Transactions of I. R. E., UE-8: 19.Smythe, C. N., Poynton, F. Y., and Sayers, J. F. 1953. Proceedings of IEEE 110(1): 16–23.Shi, William T., Forsberg, Flemming, Liu, Ji-Bin, et al. 2005. Orlando, FL: Annual Meetingof the Academy of Molecular Imaging.Sokolov, S. Ya. 1937. U.S. Patent No. 2,164,185.State, Andrei, Livington, Mark A., Hirota, Gentaro, et al. 1996. Technologies for augmentedreality systems realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH96 (New Orleans, August 4–9, 1996). In: Computer Graphics Proceedings, AnnualConference Series 1996. ACM SIGGRAPH: 439–446.Sternberg, M. S. 1958. Physics Review 110: 772.Ter, Haar G. and Duck, F.A. 2000. The Safe Use of Ultrasound in Medical Diagnosis.London: British Medical Ultrasound Society/British Institute of Radiology.Waddell, J. H. and Waddell, J. W. 1970. Research and Development 30: 32.Woo, Joseph. 2002. A short history of the development of ultrasound in obstetrics andgynecology. [On line, available at: http://www.ob-ultrasound.net]. (An excellent threepartnot-so-short compendium of the history of the use of ultrasound in these medicalfields.)Worlton, D. C. 1957. Nondestructive Testing 15: 218.Problems for Chapter 171. Can you think of a household application for ultrasonic cleaning?2. A “sing around” flowmeter is used to measure the flow of a chemical slurryinside a pipe. The two transducers are placed 10 cm apart. A 25,000 Hz pulseis initiated and the received frequency is 24,500 Hz. Find the velocity of theslurry.3. If the fluid went the other way, what would be the receiving frequency for thesame setup of Problem 2 emitting 25,000 Hz?4. A beam-deflection flowmeter is used to measure flow inside a nuclear reactorheat exchanger pipe. The velocity of sound in the liquid coolant is known to
508 17. Commercial and Medical Ultrasound Applicationsbe 2550 m/s, and the deflection of the beam is 8.58 ◦ . Find the velocity of thefluid.5. We can also measure the velocity of sound in a fluid by the beam-deflectionmethod. It is known that a gas is passing through a conduit at the rate of120 m/s. The deflection was measured to be 0.056 radian. Estimate the speedof sound in the gas.6. Two transducers are set apart 21.2 cm in a nondispersive medium. The tworesonance frequencies are 2164 Hz and 4617 Hz. Find the sound propagationspeed of the medium.7. How could motion sensing be useful in a home garage? Where else in a homewould you use a sensor?8. Why is ultrasound considered to be safer than X-rays? Would you expect theultrasound equipment to be more expensive or cheaper than X-ray gear?9. Why is it preferable to use ultrasound to examine the fetus in the womb toX-rays? How would the images compare in quality?10. What is the principal difference between high-intensity and low-intensity ultrasoundas used in the human body or on a live animal?11. What are the two primary factors in controlling ultrasound dosage?
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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Page 515 and 516: 510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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558 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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