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THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...
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324 13. Criteria and Regulations for Noise ControlFigure 13.1. Equal loudness index curves.13.5 Effective Perceived Noise LevelNoise of longer duration is obviously more annoying than noise of short duration.Moreover, if pure tones are present in the broadband noise system, the noise isjudged to be even noisier than noise without such tones. In order to take into
324 13. Criteria and Regulations for Noise ControlFigure 13.1. Equal loudness index curves.13.5 Effective Perceived Noise LevelNoise of longer duration is obviously more annoying than noise of short duration.Moreover, if pure tones are present in the broadband noise system, the noise isjudged to be even noisier than noise without such tones. In order to take into
13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325account the factors of duration and the presence of pure tones, the effective noiseperception level (EPNL) has been defined asL EPN = L PN + C + D. (13.4)Here C is the correction factor for pure tones and D is the duration correction. Thetone correction varies from 0 dB up to a maximum of 6.7 dB. The estimation of Centails a complex procedure (Edge and Cawthorn, 1977) that involves examinationof the band spectra to detect any band whose level exceeds the level of the bands toeither side. The duration correction D, expressed in decibels, which accounts forduration of the noise, may be either positive or negative but it is usually negative.It is calculated from( d/0.5)∑D = 10 log 10 antilog L PNT(k)− 13 − L PNTmax (13.5)10k=0Here d represents the total length of the time elapsed when the noise begins toexceed the background level to the moment when it falls back to the level ofimperceptibility. The number 0.5 represents the increment index, i.e., if the totalduration d of the detectable sound is 5 s, then ten intervals are being consideredin the summation of Equation (13.5). L PNT is the tone-corrected value of L PN (i.e.L PNT = L PN + C).13.6 Indoor Noise CriteriaIn order to render communication possible in both indoor and outdoor areas at work,it is necessary to minimize the speech interference arising from the background.The A-weighted sound level can be utilized to determine the acceptability of indoornoise, but it cannot give an indication as to which part of the frequency spectrumis responsible for interference. A number of noise evaluation curves are availablefor rating the acceptability of noise in indoor situations. The most frequentlyused families of curves are the noise criterion (NC) curves, noise rating (NR)curves, room criterion (RC) curves, and balanced noise criterion (NCB) curves.These curves were developed in order to provide criteria to either determine theacceptable noise levels in buildings or to specify the acceptable noise in buildings.Noise Criterion CurvesThe NC curves of Figure 13.2 were the result of an exhaustive series of interviewswith people in offices, industrial spaces, and public areas. It was found that theprinciple concern is the interference of noise with speech communication andlistening to radio, television, and music. In order to find the NC rating of a particulararea, the octave-band sound pressure levels of the noise are measured and plottedon the family of the NC curves of Figure 13.2. The highest curve penetrated byany octave band and pressure level of the measured noise defines the NC value forthe spectrum.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 7
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 9
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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34 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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36 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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38 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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40 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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42 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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44 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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46 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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48 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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50 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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52 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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134 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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136 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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138 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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140 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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142 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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144 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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146 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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148 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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150 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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154 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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156 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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158 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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160 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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162 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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164 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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166 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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168 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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170 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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216 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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218 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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220 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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222 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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224 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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226 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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228 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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230 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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232 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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234 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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236 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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238 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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240 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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- Page 283 and 284: References 277preferred subsequent
- Page 285 and 286: Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
- Page 287 and 288: 12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
- Page 289 and 290: 12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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- Page 323 and 324: Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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- Page 345 and 346: Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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- Page 359 and 360: References 353Computer Program, HIC
- Page 361 and 362: Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
- Page 363 and 364: 14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
- Page 365 and 366: 14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
- Page 367 and 368: 14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
- Page 369 and 370: 14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 363Table 1
- Page 371 and 372: 14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 365Table 1
- Page 373 and 374: 14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
- Page 375 and 376: 14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
- Page 377 and 378: 14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
- Page 379 and 380: 14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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482 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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484 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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486 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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488 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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490 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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492 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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494 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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496 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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498 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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500 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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502 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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504 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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506 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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508 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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512 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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516 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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518 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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520 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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522 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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524 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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526 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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528 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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530 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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532 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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536 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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538 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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540 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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542 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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544 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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546 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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548 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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550 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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552 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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554 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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556 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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558 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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560 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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562 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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564 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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566 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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568 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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588 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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590 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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592 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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594 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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596 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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598 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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600 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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602 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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604 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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606 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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608 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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610 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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612 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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614 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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616 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
- Page 629 and 630:
624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
- Page 631 and 632:
626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
- Page 635 and 636:
Appendix A. Physical Properties of
- Page 637 and 638:
Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
- Page 639 and 640:
B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
- Page 641 and 642:
Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
- Page 643 and 644:
C.3 Solving Differential Equations
- Page 645 and 646:
C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
- Page 647 and 648:
SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
- Page 649 and 650:
C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
- Page 651 and 652:
SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
- Page 653 and 654:
650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
- Page 655 and 656:
652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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