Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

Chronic 4.8 18.2 9.1 10 NCRapid-cycling depression 69.2 54.0 61.5 48.4 90.5 76.5 98.3 0.0001Rapid-cycling (mania depression) 82.2 82.0 61.5 48.4 100 88.2 98.3 0.0001Seasonal depression (fall/winter) 64.1 55.1 61.1 42.9 47.6 47.1 36.0 0.1014Spring depression 20.5 12.2 19.4 3.6 19.1 5.9 4.0 0.0278Summer depression 7.7 2.0 5.6 0 2.4 0 4.0 NCAtypical depression DSM-IV 69.2 30.6 52.8 39.3 45.2 35.3 32.0 6.0 0.0001Atypical depression: Zurich criteria 82.1 44.9 58.3 42.9 45.2 41.2 34.0 6.0 0.0001Personality ‘‘ups and downs’’ 41.0 36.0 20.5 19.4 35.7 23.5 13.3 3.8 0.0126Depressive personality disorder 33.3 8.9 14.3 8.3 29.0 5.9 27.3 4.3 0.0047Anxious personality 33.3 10.0 25.6 4.8 23.8 11.8 16.7 3.8 0.0038Sociopathy (including adulthood) 12.8 8.0 5.1 11.3 4.8 3.3 1.6 NCConduct problems (adolescence) 28.2 47.9 17.1 25.5 24.4 29.4 23.4 20.2 0.0558Thefts 7.7 18.8 17.1 16.0 7.5 23.5 2.2 10.5 NCTruancy 18.0 18.8 8.6 14.0 5.0 8.7 2.1 NCRunaway 10.3 8.3 5.7 8.0 11.8 1.05 NCFrequent fights 5.1 20.8 5.7 6.0 10.0 8.7 5.3 NCOffenses 33.3 24.0 18.0 25.8 11.9 23.5 15.0 6.0 0.2194Freiburg Personality Inventory at age 35 yearsAggressiveness 20.6 18.3 17.8 12.6 19.5 20.4 18.8 14.6 0.6914Extroversion 16.9 19.9 13.9 19.4 17.5 18.0 16.9 18.5 0.0161Neuroticism 20.4 17.5 20.0 16.9 20.5 17.7 18.7 13.1 0.0889Impulsivity/irritability 25.3 21.3 23.0 22.1 22.8 21.2 22.3 17.1 0.0001ComorbidityAnxiety disorders 71.8 58.0 69.2 45.2 50.0 23.5 51.7 13.0 0.0072DSM-III panic disorder 15.4 18.0 20.5 4.8 16.7 5.9 11.7 1.6 0.2314