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Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

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151 <strong>Atypical</strong> depression <strong>and</strong> bipolar spectrumThis conclusion is also supported by differences found between BP-II AD <strong>and</strong> UPAD (Benazzi, 1999a, b, 2000c, e ).REFERENCESAgosti, V. <strong>and</strong> Stewart, J. W. (2001). <strong>Atypical</strong> <strong>and</strong> non-atypical subtypes of depression: comparisonof social functioning, symptoms, course of illness, co-morbidity <strong>and</strong> demographicfeatures. J. Affect. Disord., 65, 75–9.Akiskal, H. S. (1996). The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 16 (suppl. 1), 4S–14S.Akiskal, H. S. (2000). Mood disorders: clinical features. In Kaplan & Sadock’s ComprehensiveTextbook of Psychiatry, ed. B. J. Sadock <strong>and</strong> V. A. Sadock, 7th edn on CD-ROM,pp. 28294–9391. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Akiskal, H. S. <strong>and</strong> Benazzi, F. (2003). Family history validation of the bipolar nature ofdepressive mixed states. J. Affect. Disord., 73, 113–22.Akiskal, H. S. <strong>and</strong> Pinto, O. (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III, <strong>and</strong> IV.Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 22, 517–34.Akiskal, H. S., Djenderedjian, A. H., Rosenthal, R. H., <strong>and</strong> Khani, M. K. (1977). Cyclothymicdisorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am. J. Psychiatry,134, 1227–33.Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. J., et al. (1995). Switching from ‘‘unipolar’’ to bipolar II. An11-year prospective study of clinical <strong>and</strong> temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen.Psychiatry, 52, 114–23.Akiskal, H. S., Bourgeois, M. L., Angst, J., et al. (2000). Re-evaluating the prevalence <strong>and</strong>diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J. Affect.Disord., 59 (suppl. 1), S5–30.Akiskal, H. S., Hantouche, E. G., Bourgeois, M. L., et al. (2001). Toward a refined phenomenologyof mania: combining clinician-assessment <strong>and</strong> self-report in the French EPIMAN study.J. Affect. Disord., 67, 89–96.American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental <strong>Disorders</strong>,4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental <strong>Disorders</strong>,Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Angst, J. (1996). Comorbidity of mood disorders: a longitudinal prospective study. Br.J.Psychiatry,168 (suppl.30),31–7.Angst, J. (1998). The emerging epidemiology of hypomania <strong>and</strong> bipolar II disorder. J. Affect.Disord., 50, 143–51.Angst, J., Sellaro, R., <strong>and</strong> Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Depressive spectrum diagnoses. Compr.Psychiatry, 41 (suppl. 2), 39–47.Angst,J.,Gamma,A.,Sellaro,R.,Zhang,H.,<strong>and</strong>Merikangas,K.(2002).Thevalidityofatypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich cohort study. J. Affect. Disord.,72, 125–38.

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