Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

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24 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig. 1.9Periodic mania with development in folie circulaire (periodische Manie mit Ausgang incirculäres Irresein: Kraepelin, 1913).Rapid cyclingThe term ‘‘rapid cycling’’ is a modern one. However, the phenomenon of frequent,or very frequent, recurrence of manic-depressive and mixed episodes was very wellknown early in the evolution of scientific psychiatry. Emil Kraepelin was perhaps thefirst who systematically described the phenomenon of rapid cycling (1899, 1913).Of course, Kraepelin never used the term ‘‘rapid cycling’’ (Figs. 1.9–1.11). In oneof the earliest uses of the method of retrospective and prospective chart review,Kraepelin documented the frequency and duration of episodes in life charts; hedescribed patients with more than four episodes per year, those with many morethan four episodes, patients with very short symptom-free intervals, and thosewith no free intervals at all (Kraepelin, 1913). However, in the following decades,essentially nothing more was done.The term ‘‘rapid cycling,’’ as well as the increasing interest in this phenomenon,also grew out of the psychopharmacological revolution. Dunner and Fieve firstcoined the term ‘‘rapid cycling’’ in 1974, in what Calabrese et al. called a ‘‘landmarkpaper’’ (Calabrese et al., 2000), which summarized longitudinal data designed toevaluate clinical factors associated with lithium prophylaxis failure. But the
25 Beyond major depression and euphoric maniaFig. 1.10Irregular almost lifelong folie circulaire (unregelmäßiges, fast das ganze Leben ausfüllendeszirkuläres Irresein: Kraepelin, 1913).Fig. 1.11Folie circulaire with beginning psychotic attacks (zirkuläres Irresein mit einleitendendeliranten Anfällen: Kraepelin, 1913).
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Page 5 and 6: Bipolar DisordersMixed States, Rapi
Page 7 and 8: ContentsList of contributorsPreface
Page 9 and 10: ContributorsValadeta Ajdacic PhDPsy
Page 11 and 12: ixList of contributorsAlexia E. Kou
Page 13: PrefaceBipolar disorders have a lon
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77 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderDe
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79 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderan
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81 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderTa
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83 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderRE
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85 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderJo
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87 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderde
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89 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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101 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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5Recurrent brief depression as an i
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111 Recurrent brief depressionRecur
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113 Recurrent brief depressionbeen
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115 Recurrent brief depressioncorre
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117 Recurrent brief depressionThere
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Chronic 4.8 18.2 9.1 10 NCRapid-cyc
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121 Recurrent brief depressionTable
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123 Recurrent brief depressionPreva
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125 Recurrent brief depressionWe fo
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127 Recurrent brief depressionREFER
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129 Recurrent brief depressionMarne
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6Atypical depression and its relati
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133 Atypical depression and bipolar
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7Agitated depression: spontaneous a
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8Schizoaffective mixed statesAndrea
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189 Schizoaffective mixed statescon
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191 Schizoaffective mixed stateswas
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193 Schizoaffective mixed statesUni
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195 Schizoaffective mixed statesTab
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197 Schizoaffective mixed statesday
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199 Schizoaffective mixed statesTot
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201 Schizoaffective mixed statesBip
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203 Schizoaffective mixed statesThe
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205 Schizoaffective mixed statesMar
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9Acute and transient psychotic diso
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209 Acute and transient psychotic d
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Table 9.10 (cont.)ATPD(n ¼ 39)Bipo
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Table 9.11 (cont.)Bipolar affective
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Table 9.14b Significant differences
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10Bipolar disorder in children and
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239 Bipolar disorder in children an
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Pellegrini et al. (1986) 16 23 (7-1
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253 Atypical features of bipolarity
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12Comorbidity in mixed states and r
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265 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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13Challenges in the genetics of bip
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279 Challenges in the genetics of b
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Table 13.1 Proportion of first-degr
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Table 13.3 Summary of recent bipola
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13q32 = 3.321q22 = 3.6Liu, C.et al.
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14Biological aspects of rapid cycli
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313 Rapid cycling and mixed statesa
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315 Rapid cycling and mixed statesa
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317 Rapid cycling and mixed statesi
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323 Rapid cycling and mixed statesW
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325 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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16The use of atypical antipsychotic
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355 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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17Investigational strategies: treat
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371 Investigational strategiesBIPOL
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373 Investigational strategiesinsta
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375 Investigational strategiesWhat
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377 Investigational strategiesTable
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379 Investigational strategiescateg
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381 Investigational strategiesTable
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383 Investigational strategies2. Th
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385 Investigational strategiesSachs
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387 Indexclinical course and outcom
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389 Indexdepressive mixed states 51
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391 IndexLange, J. 163learning disa
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393 Indexpsychopharmacological revo
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395 Indexmania, acute 334mixed stat
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Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

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