Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

391 IndexLange, J. 163learning disability, comorbidity with bipolaraffective disorders 265Leonhard, Karl 212, 213levothyroxine 74linkage studiesmood disorders 291–2review of empirical evidence 292, 293lithiumagitated depression 179augmentation therapy in mixed states 17bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 245bipolar I and bipolar II disorders 99combination therapy with antidepressants 342–3mania 335mixed states 23rapid-cycling disorder 77–9combination therapy with divalproex 69, 80,81, 82special considerations for elderly patients 259suicide risk 343thyroid function 78lithium-induced hypothyroidism 68LOD score 291Lorry, A. C. 161Magnan, Valentin 212, 215Maj, Mario 232major depressive disorders (MDD) 109, 111major depressive episodes (MDE) 110, 164maniadefinition by Aretaeus of Cappodocia 5derivation of term 5manic–depressive illness 6manic–depressive insanity 11, 15manic stupor 9, 11 , 12, 13 , 166Mayer-Gross, W. 217melancholiadefinition by Aretaeus of Cappodocia 5definition by Hippocrates 4 , 6eighteenth-century classification 6melancholia agitata 158–61men, occurrence of bipolar schizoaffective mixedstates 221metabolic psychosis 2123-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol(MHPG) 313, 325methylphenidate 331Meyer, Adolf 160, 189migraine 97minor bipolar disorders (minbipolar) 110, 113, 115Mitsuda, Hisatoshi 216mixed episodesdifficulties in conducting trials 372–3treatment 369, 382mixed mental disorders 7mixed mood disorders 7mixed states 45, 57–8, 165see also schizoaffective mixed statesbiological aspects 311–12, 319catecholamines 312–14hormonal abberations 314–15mood stabilizers 318role of calcium 316–18transmembrane ion fluxes 315–16classificationAkiskal system 16clinical features 46clinical trials 333–5limitations 334comorbidity 22, 270–1anxiety disorders 267–8cerebral sarcoidosis 265definition 263epilepsy 265general effect of comorbidity 270head injuries 265idiopathic dystonia 265learning disability 265medical conditions and neuropsychiatricdisorders 264–6other psychiatric disorders 269personality disorders 268–9relevance 263–4stroke 265substance-abuse disorders 266–7thyroid disorders 264tuberous sclerosis 265concepts 324, 325brain disease 331–2depression as a response to mania 326dysphoric mania 325–6manic defence in depression 326–7mixture of elements 324mood-incongruent psychotic features 333predominantly depressed bipolar patients328–30schizoaffective mixed states 333severe stage of mania 324–5substance misuse 330–1