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Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

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366 R. W. Baker et al.defined by baseline diagnosis confirmed by Structured Clinical Interview forDiagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual IV using Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual ofMental <strong>Disorders</strong>, 4th edn (DSM-IV): American Psychiatric Association (1994)criteria. These data are not available for two of the trials (Berk et al., 1999; Zajeckaet al., 2002). The principal intent of these analyses was to seek an interaction betweendiagnostic subgroup <strong>and</strong> clinical outcome, that is, is efficacy better among psychoticpatients, thereby suggesting that antimanic effects derive from antipsychotic properties?The answer appears to be no.REFERENCESAmerican Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental<strong>Disorders</strong>, 4th edn (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association (2002). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients withbipolar disorder (revision). Am. J. Psychiatry, 159 (suppl. 4), 1–50.Baldessarini, R. J. (2002). Treatment research in bipolar disorder: issues <strong>and</strong> recommendations.CNS Drugs., 16, 721–9.Berk, M., Ichim, L., <strong>and</strong> Brook, S. (1999). Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania:a double–blind r<strong>and</strong>omized controlled trial. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 14, 339–43.Brotman, M. A., Post, R. M., Fergus, E. L., <strong>and</strong> Leverich, G. S. (2000). High exposure to neurolepticsin bipolar patients: a retrospective review. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 61, 68–72.Calabrese, J. R., Kimmel, S. E., Woyshville, M. J., et al. (1996). Clozapine for treatmentrefractorymania. Am. J. Psychiatry, 153, 759–64.DelBello, M. P., Schwiers, M. L., Rosenberg, H. L., et al. (2002). A double-blind, r<strong>and</strong>omized,placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J. Am.Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 41, 1216–23.Garfinkel, P. E., Stancer, H. C., <strong>and</strong> Persad, E. (1980). A comparison of haloperidol, lithiumcarbonate <strong>and</strong> their combination in the treatment of mania. J. Affect. Disord., 2, 279–88.Glazer, W. (2000a). Review of incidence studies of tardive dyskinesia associated with typicalantipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 61, 15–20.Glazer, W. (2000b). Extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, <strong>and</strong> the concept of atypicality.J. Clin. Psychiatry, 61, 16–21.Glazer, W. M. (2000c). Expected incidence of tardive dyskinesia associated with atypical antipsychotics.J. Clin. Psychiatry, 61, 21–6.Goodwin, F. K. <strong>and</strong> Jamison, K. R. (1990). Manic–Depressive Illness. New York, NY: OxfordUniversity Press.Green, A. I., Tohen, M., Patel, J. K., et al. (2000). Clozapine in the treatment of refractorypsychotic mania. Am. J. Psychiatry, 157, 982–6.Hirschfeld, R., Keck, P. E., Karcher, K., Kramer, M., <strong>and</strong> Grossman, F. (2004). <strong>Rapid</strong> antimaniceffect of risperidone monotherapy: a 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlledtrial. Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 1057–65.

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