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Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

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300 K. Merikangas <strong>and</strong> K. Yumost of the complex human disorders. Because of the unique aspects of eachdisease, responsibility for assessing issues related to consent would be best maintainedby local investigators <strong>and</strong> ethics boards, rather than regulations that applyacross all diseases (Renegar et al. 2001).REFERENCESAdams, L. J., Mitchell, P. B., Fielder, S. L., et al. (1998). A susceptibility locus for bipolar affectivedisorder on chromosome 4q35. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 62, 1084–91.Aita, V. M., Liu, J., Knowles, J. A., et al. (1999). A comprehensive linkage analysis of chromosome21q22 supports prior evidence for a putative bipolar affective disorder locus.Am. J. Hum. Genet., 64, 210–17.Allen, M. G., Cohen, S., Pollin, W., <strong>and</strong> Greenspan, S. I. (1974). Affective illness in veteran twins:a diagnostic review. Am. J. Psychiatry, 131, 1234–39.Allen,J.M.,Lam,R.W.,Ronald,A.R.,<strong>and</strong>Sadovnick,A.D.(1993).Depressivesymptoms<strong>and</strong> family history in seasonal <strong>and</strong> nonseasonal mood disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry,150, 443–8.Alpert, J. E., Uebelacker, L. A., McLean, N. E., et al. (1997). Social phobia, avoidant personalitydisorder <strong>and</strong> atypical depression: co-occurrence <strong>and</strong> clinical implications. Psychol. Med.,27, 627–33.Altmüller, J., Palmer, L. J., Fischer, G., Scherb, H., <strong>and</strong> Wjst, M. (2001). Genomewidescans of complex human diseases: true linkage is hard to find. Am.J.Hum.Genet.,69, 936–50.Angold, A. (1988). Childhood <strong>and</strong> adolescent depression: I. Epidemiological <strong>and</strong> aetiologicalaspects. Br. J. Psychiatry, 152, 601–17.Angst, J. (1988). Clinical course of affective disorders. In Depressive Illness: Prediction of Course<strong>and</strong> Outcome, ed. T. Helgason <strong>and</strong> R. J. Daly, pp. 1–48. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Angst, J. (1999). Modern epidemiology of anxiety: results of the Zurich cohort study. Hum.Psychopharmacol., 14, 29–37.Angst, J. <strong>and</strong> Merikangas, K. R. (1998). <strong>Mixed</strong> anxiety depression. Psychiat. Hung., 13, 263–8.Angst, J., Dobler-Mikola, A., <strong>and</strong> Binder, J. (1984). The Zurich study. A prospective epidemiologicalstudy of depressive, neurotic <strong>and</strong> psychosomatic syndromes. 1. Problem, methodology.Eur. Arch. Psyciatry Neurol. Sci., 234, 13–20.Angst, J., Gamma, A., Sellaro, R., Zhang, H., <strong>and</strong> Merikangas, K. (2002). Toward validation ofatypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich cohort study. J. Affect. Disord.,72, 125–38.Baron, M., Risch, N., Hamburger, R., et al. (1987). Genetic linkage between X chromosomemarkers <strong>and</strong> bipolar affective illness. Nature, 326, 289–92.Bauer, M. <strong>and</strong> Dunner, D. (1996). Validity of seasonal pattern as a modifier for recurrent mooddisorders in DSM-IV. In DSM-IV Sourcebook, ed. W. Davis, pp. 281–98. Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Association.

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