308 K. Merikangas <strong>and</strong> K. YuRobins, L. N. <strong>and</strong> Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric <strong>Disorders</strong> in America – The EpidemiologicCatchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press.Rosanoff, A. J., H<strong>and</strong>y, L. M., <strong>and</strong> Plesset I. (1935). The etiology of manic depressive syndromes<strong>and</strong> special reference to their occurrence in twins. Am. J. Psychiatry, 91, 725.Rosenthal, N. E., Mazzanti, C. M., Barnett, R. L., et al. (1998). Role of serotonin transporterpromoter repeat length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in seasonality <strong>and</strong> seasonal affectivedisorder. Mol. Psychiatry, 3, 175–7.Rutter, M. (1989). Isle of Wight revisited: twenty-five years of child psychiatric epidemiology.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 28, 633–53.Schmidt, L. A., Fox, N. A., Rubin, K. H., et al. (1997). Behavioral <strong>and</strong> neuroendocrine responsesin shy children. Dev. Psychobiol., 30, 127–40.Schulze, T. G., Muller, D. J., Krauss, H., et al. (2000). Association between a functional polymorphismin the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter <strong>and</strong> major depressive disorder.Am. J. Med. Genet., 96, 801–3.Seretti, A., Cusin, C., Lattuada, E., et al. (1999). Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is notassociated with depressive symptomatology in mood disorders. Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 280–3.Shapiro, R. W. (1970). A twin study of non endogenous depression. Acta Jutl<strong>and</strong>ica, 42, 1.Sher, L., Hardin, T. A., Greenberg, B. D., et al. (1999). Seasonality associated with the serotonintransporter promoter repeat length polymorphism. Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1837.Silberg, J., Pickles, A., Rutter, M., et al. (1999). The influence of genetic factors <strong>and</strong> life stress ondepression among adolescent girls. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 56, 225–32.Smyth, C., Kalsi, G., Curtis, D., et al. (1997). Two-locus admixture linkage analysis of bipolar<strong>and</strong> unipolar affective disorder supports the presence of susceptibility loci on chromosomes11p15 <strong>and</strong> 21q22. Genomics x, 39, 271–8.Stenstedt, A. (1952). A study in manic depressive psychoses. Clinical, social <strong>and</strong> geneticinvestigations. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. Sc<strong>and</strong>., 42, 398–402.Stenstedt, A. (1966). Genetics of neurotic depression. Acta Psychiatr. Sc<strong>and</strong>., 42, 392–409.Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., <strong>and</strong> Quitkin, F. M. (2002). Do age of onset <strong>and</strong> course of illnesspredict different treatment outcome among DSM IV depressive disorders with atypicalfeatures? Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 237–45.Stine, O. C., Xu, J., Koskela, R., et al. (1995). Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder tochromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 57, 1384–94.Straub, R. E., Lehner, T., Luo, Y., et al. (1994). A possible vulnerability locus for bipolar affectivedisorder on chromosome 22q22.3. Nature Genet., 8, 291–6.Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., Kendler, K. S., et al. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of majordepression: review <strong>and</strong> meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157, 1552–62.Thapar, A. <strong>and</strong> McGuffin, P. (1994). A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood.Br. J. Psychiatry, 165, 259–65.Thapar, A. <strong>and</strong> McGuffin, P. (1995). Are anxiety symptoms in childhood heritable? ChildPsychol. Psychiatry, Allied Disord., 36, 439–47.Thapar, A. <strong>and</strong> McGuffin, P. (1997). Anxiety <strong>and</strong> depressive symptoms in childhood – a geneticstudy of comorbidity. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 38, 651–6.
309 Challenges in the genetics of bipolar disorderTsuang, M. T. <strong>and</strong> Faraone, S. V. (1990). The Genetics of Mood <strong>Disorders</strong>. Baltimore, MD: JohnsHopkins University Press.Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., Fleming, J., et al. (1985). Familial transmission of major affectivedisorders. Is there evidence supporting the distinction between unipolar <strong>and</strong> bipolar disorders?Br. J. Psychiatry, 146, 268–71.Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., <strong>and</strong> Lyons, M. J. (1993). Identification of the phenotype inpsychiatric genetics. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 243, 131–42.V<strong>and</strong>enOord,E.J.,Boomsma,I.,<strong>and</strong>Verhulst,F.C.(1994).Astudyofproblembehaviorin10-to15-year-old biologically related <strong>and</strong> unrelated international adoptees. Behav. Genet., 24, 193–205.Von Knorring, A. L., Cloninger, C. R., Bohman, M., <strong>and</strong> Sigvardsson, S. (1983). An adoptionstudy of depressive disorders <strong>and</strong> substance abuse. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 40, 943–50.Wacholder, S., Rothman, N., <strong>and</strong> Caporaso, N. (2000). Population stratification in epidemiologicstudies of common genetic variants <strong>and</strong> cancer: quantification of bias. J. Natl CancerInst., 92, 1151–8.Warner, V., Mufson, L., <strong>and</strong> Weissman, M. (1995). Offspring at high risk for depression <strong>and</strong>anxiety: mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry,34, 786–97.Warner, V., Weissman, M. M., Mufson, L., <strong>and</strong> Wickramaratne, P. J. (1999). Gr<strong>and</strong>parents,parents, <strong>and</strong> gr<strong>and</strong>children at high risk for depression: a three-generation study. J. Am. Acad.Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 38, 289–96.Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., Rosenthal, N. E., <strong>and</strong> Cowdry, R. W. (1988). <strong>Rapid</strong>-cycling affectivedisorder: contributing factors <strong>and</strong> treatment responses in 51 patients. Am. J. Psychiatry,145, 179–84.Weissman, M. M. (1987). Children of depressed parents: increased psychopathology <strong>and</strong> earlyonset of major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44, 847–53.Weissman, M. M., Kidd, K. K. et al. (1982). Variability in rates of affective disorders in relativesof depressed <strong>and</strong> normal prob<strong>and</strong>s. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 39, 1397–1403.Weissman, M. M., Leckman, J. F., Merikangas, K. R. Gammon, G. D., <strong>and</strong> Prusoff, B. A. (1984a).Depression <strong>and</strong> anxiety disorders in parents <strong>and</strong> children. Results from the Yale family study.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41, 845–52.Weissman, M. M., Gershon, E. S., Kidd, K. K. et al. (1984b). Psychiatric disorders in the relativesof prob<strong>and</strong>s with affective disorders: the Yale-NIMH Collaborative Family Study. Arch. Gen.Psychiatry, 41, 13–21.Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., Wickramaratne, P., et al. (1986a). Underst<strong>and</strong>ing theclinical heterogeneity of major depression using family data. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 43, 430–4.Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., John, K., et al. (1986b). Family–genetic studies of psychiatricdisorders: developing technologies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 43, 1104–16.Weissman, M. M., Bruce, M. L., Leaf, P. J., Florio, L. P., <strong>and</strong> Holzer, C. III. (1991). Affectivedisorders. In Psychiatric <strong>Disorders</strong> in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed.L. N. Robins <strong>and</strong> D. A. Reigier, p. 53. New York: The Free Press.Weissman, M. M., Bl<strong>and</strong>, R. C., Canino, G. J., et al. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology ofmajor depression <strong>and</strong> bipolar disorder. J.A.M.A., 276, 293–9.
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Bipolar DisordersMixed States, Rapi
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ContentsList of contributorsPreface
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ContributorsValadeta Ajdacic PhDPsy
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ixList of contributorsAlexia E. Kou
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PrefaceBipolar disorders have a lon
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2 A. Marneros and F. K. Goodwinold
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4 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig.
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6 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinThe
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8 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig.
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10 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig
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12 A. Marneros and F. K. Goodwinit
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14 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig
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16 A. Marneros and F. K. Goodwin(19
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18 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinBip
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20 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFre
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22 A. Marneros and F. K. Goodwinons
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24 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinFig
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26 A. Marneros and F. K. Goodwinbou
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28 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinAno
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30 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinTab
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32 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinBip
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34 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinTab
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36 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinTab
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38 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinAki
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40 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinDil
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42 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinMar
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44 A. Marneros and F. K. GoodwinPri
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46 G. Perugi and H. S. AkiskalTable
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48 G. Perugi and H. S. AkiskalTable
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50 G. Perugi and H. S. AkiskalDepre
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52 G. Perugi and H. S. Akiskalwith
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54 G. Perugi and H. S. Akiskal3020.
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56 G. Perugi and H. S. AkiskalTable
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59 Longitudinal perspective of mixe
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3Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder1 2O
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63 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderPs
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65 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderOn
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67 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderBr
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69 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderin
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71 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderLa
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73 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderre
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75 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderCo
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77 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderDe
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79 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderan
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81 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderTa
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83 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderRE
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85 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderJo
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87 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorderde
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89 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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91 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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93 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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95 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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97 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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99 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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101 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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103 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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105 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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107 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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5Recurrent brief depression as an i
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111 Recurrent brief depressionRecur
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113 Recurrent brief depressionbeen
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115 Recurrent brief depressioncorre
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117 Recurrent brief depressionThere
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Chronic 4.8 18.2 9.1 10 NCRapid-cyc
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121 Recurrent brief depressionTable
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123 Recurrent brief depressionPreva
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125 Recurrent brief depressionWe fo
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127 Recurrent brief depressionREFER
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129 Recurrent brief depressionMarne
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6Atypical depression and its relati
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133 Atypical depression and bipolar
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135 Atypical depression and bipolar
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137 Atypical depression and bipolar
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139 Atypical depression and bipolar
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141 Atypical depression and bipolar
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143 Atypical depression and bipolar
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145 Atypical depression and bipolar
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147 Atypical depression and bipolar
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149 Atypical depression and bipolar
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151 Atypical depression and bipolar
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153 Atypical depression and bipolar
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155 Atypical depression and bipolar
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7Agitated depression: spontaneous a
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159 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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161 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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163 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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165 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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167 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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169 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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171 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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173 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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175 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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177 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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179 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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181 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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183 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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185 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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8Schizoaffective mixed statesAndrea
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189 Schizoaffective mixed statescon
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191 Schizoaffective mixed stateswas
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193 Schizoaffective mixed statesUni
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195 Schizoaffective mixed statesTab
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197 Schizoaffective mixed statesday
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199 Schizoaffective mixed statesTot
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201 Schizoaffective mixed statesBip
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203 Schizoaffective mixed statesThe
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205 Schizoaffective mixed statesMar
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9Acute and transient psychotic diso
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209 Acute and transient psychotic d
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211 Acute and transient psychotic d
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213 Acute and transient psychotic d
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215 Acute and transient psychotic d
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217 Acute and transient psychotic d
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219 Acute and transient psychotic d
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221 Acute and transient psychotic d
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Table 9.10 (cont.)ATPD(n ¼ 39)Bipo
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Table 9.11 (cont.)Bipolar affective
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227 Acute and transient psychotic d
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Table 9.14b Significant differences
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231 Acute and transient psychotic d
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233 Acute and transient psychotic d
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235 Acute and transient psychotic d
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10Bipolar disorder in children and
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239 Bipolar disorder in children an
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241 Bipolar disorder in children an
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243 Bipolar disorder in children an
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245 Bipolar disorder in children an
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Pellegrini et al. (1986) 16 23 (7-1
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249 Bipolar disorder in children an
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251 Bipolar disorder in children an
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253 Atypical features of bipolarity
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255 Atypical features of bipolarity
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- Page 291 and 292: 13Challenges in the genetics of bip
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- Page 325 and 326: 14Biological aspects of rapid cycli
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- Page 339 and 340: 325 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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- Page 367 and 368: 16The use of atypical antipsychotic
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359 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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361 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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363 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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365 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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367 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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17Investigational strategies: treat
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371 Investigational strategiesBIPOL
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373 Investigational strategiesinsta
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375 Investigational strategiesWhat
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377 Investigational strategiesTable
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379 Investigational strategiescateg
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381 Investigational strategiesTable
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383 Investigational strategies2. Th
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385 Investigational strategiesSachs
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387 Indexclinical course and outcom
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389 Indexdepressive mixed states 51
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391 IndexLange, J. 163learning disa
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393 Indexpsychopharmacological revo
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395 Indexmania, acute 334mixed stat