Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

IndexPage numbers in italic refer to figures. Page numbers bold in denote entries in tables.adolescents see children and adolescentsadoption studies 278mood disorders 286–7age at onsetmixed episode 21rapid-cycling disorder 28agitated depression 12, 13, 34forms 34 , 35Akiskal, Hagop 16classification of mixed statestype B-I 16type B-II 16type B-III 17alcohol abusemixed states 16, 17 , 330rapid-cycling disorder 28, 68, 69amfetamines 330anticonvulsants, use in agitated depression 179antidepressantsagitated depression 179bipolar disorders 70bipolar I and bipolar II disorders 100combination therapy with lithium 342–3mixed states 339–41antipsychoticssee also atypical antipsychoticscortisol levels 336– 7depression in mania 337mania 336prophylaxis of bipolar disorder 338–9anxiety disorders 174comorbidity with bipolar affective disorders 26 7–8anxiety–happiness psychosis 213Aretaeus of Cappadocia 4 , 6, 37melancholia 159aripiprazole 355controlled studies for bipolar disorder 365Aristotle 161Asclepiades 6association studies 278mood disorders 289–90review of empirical evidence 290asthenia, historical perspective 6attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)comorbidity with bipolar disorder 269compared with bipolar disorder 239atypical antidepressants 180– 2atypical antipsychotics 353–4see also antipsychoticsbipolar disorder in children and adolescents 248bipolar I and bipolar II disorders 100controlled studies for bipolar disorder 354–5aripiprazole 365clozapine 356methodology 355–6olanzapine 358–63quetiapine 363–4risperidone 356–8ziprasidone 364use in mania 362, 363, 365–6atypical bipolar mood disorderdifficulties in conducting trials 369–72bipolarity index 371follow-up 372treatment 369, 382atypical psychoses 216Aurelius, Cornelius Celsus 4, 6benzodiazepines, use in agitated depression 179bipolar I and bipolar II disorders 88–90, 101386