38 A. Marneros <strong>and</strong> F. K. GoodwinAkiskal, H. S. <strong>and</strong> Mallya, G. (1987). Criteria for the ‘‘soft-bipolar spectrum’’: treatmentimplications. Psychopharm. Bull., 23, 68–73.Akiskal, H. S. <strong>and</strong> Puzantian, V. R. (1979). Psychotic forms of depression <strong>and</strong> mania. Psychiatr.Clin. North Am., 2, 419–39.Akiskal, H. S. <strong>and</strong> Pinto, O. (2000). The soft bipolar spectrum: footnotes to Kraepelin on theinterface of hypomania, temperament <strong>and</strong> depression. In <strong>Bipolar</strong> <strong>Disorders</strong>. 100 Years afterManic Depressive Insanity, ed. A. Marneros, <strong>and</strong> J. Angst, pp. 37–62. Dordrecht: KluwerAcademic Publishers.Akiskal, H. S., Khani, M. K., <strong>and</strong> Scott-Strauss, A. (1979). Cyclothymic temperament disorders.Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2, 527–54.Akiskal, H. S., Hantouche, E. G., Bourgeois, M. L., et al. (1998). Gender, temperament, <strong>and</strong> theclinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a French national study (EPIMAN).J. Affect. Disord, 50, 175–86.Alex<strong>and</strong>er, F. G. <strong>and</strong> Selesnick, S. T. (1966). The History of Psychiatry. New York: Harper <strong>and</strong> Row.American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental <strong>Disorders</strong>(DSM-111), 3 rd edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental <strong>Disorders</strong>(DSM-111R), 3 rd edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic <strong>and</strong> Statistical Manual of Mental <strong>Disorders</strong>,4th edn. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Angst, J. (1966). Zur Ätiologie und Nososlogie endogener depressiver Psychosen. Eine genetische,soziologische und klinische Studie. Berlin: Springer.Angst, J. (1986). The course of affective disorders. Psychopathology, 119 (suppl. 2), 47–52.Angst, J. (1988). Recurrent brief depression. A new concept of mild depression.Psychopharmacology, 96 (suppl.), 123.Angst, J. (1989). Der Verlauf schizoaffektiver Psychosen. In Schizoaffektive Psychosen. Diagnose,Therapie und Prophylaxe, ed. A. Marneros, pp. 47–54. Berlin: Springer.Angst, J. (1992). Recurrent brief psychiatric syndromes of depression, hypomania, neurasthenia,<strong>and</strong> anxiety from an epidemiological point of view. Neurol. Psychiatry Brain Res., 1, 5–12.Angst, J. <strong>and</strong> Marneros, A. (2001). <strong>Bipolar</strong>ity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth<strong>and</strong> rebirth. J. Affect. Disord., 67, 3–19.Angst, J. <strong>and</strong> Wicki, W. (1992). The Zurich study. XIII. Recurrent brief anxiety. Eur Arch.Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 241, 296–300.Angst, J., Gamma, A., Sellaro, R., et al. (2002). Toward validation of atypical depression in thecommunity: results of the Zurich cohort study. J. Affect. Disord., 72, 125–38.Arnold, L. M., McElroy, S. L., <strong>and</strong> Keck, P. E. (2000). The role of gender in mixed mania. Compr.Psychiatry, 2, 83–7.Baillarger, J. (1854). De la folie à double forme. Ann. Méd-psychol., 6, 369–89.Bauer, M. S., Whybrow, P. C., Gyulai, L., Gonnel, J., <strong>and</strong> Yeh, H. S. (1994). Testing definitions ofdysphoric mania <strong>and</strong> hypomania. Prevalence, clinical characteristics <strong>and</strong> inter-episode stability.J. Affect. Disord., 32, 201–11.Benazzi, F. (1999a). <strong>Atypical</strong> depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-casestudy. Compr. Psychiatry, 40, 80–3.
39 Beyond major depression <strong>and</strong> euphoric maniaBenazzi, F. (1999b). Prevalence of <strong>Bipolar</strong> II disorder in atypical depression. Eur. Arch.Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 249, 62–5.Berner, P., Gabriel, E., Katschnig, H., et al. (1983). Diagnosekriterien für schizophrene undaffective Psychosen. Vienna: Weltverb<strong>and</strong> für Psychiatrie.Bourgeois, M., Verdoux, H., <strong>and</strong> Henry-Demotes Mainard, C. (1995). Manies dysphoriqueset états mixtes. L’Encephale, 6, 21–32.Brieger, P. <strong>and</strong> Marneros, A. (1999). Komorbidität. In H<strong>and</strong>buch der unipolaren und bipolarenErkrankungen, ed. A. Marneros, pp. 446–83. Stuttgart: Thieme.Calabrese, J. R. <strong>and</strong> Delucchi, G. A. (1990). Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients withrapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 431–4.Calabrese, J. F., Meltzer, H. Y., <strong>and</strong> Markovitz, P. J. (1991). Clozapine prophylaxis in rapidcycling bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol, 11, 396–7.Calabrese, J. R., Woyshville, M. J., Kimmel, S. E., <strong>and</strong> Rapport, D. J. (1993). Predictors ofvalproate response in bipolar rapid cycling. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol, 13, 280–3.Calabrese, J. R., Rapport, D. J., Findling, R. L., et al. (2000). <strong>Rapid</strong>-cycling bipolar disorder.In <strong>Bipolar</strong> <strong>Disorders</strong>. 100 Years after Manic Depressive Insanity, ed. A. Marneros <strong>and</strong> J. Angst,pp. 89–109. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Campbell, J. D. (1953). Manic-Depressive Disease: Clinical <strong>and</strong> Psychiatric Significance.Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.Cassano, G. B., Akiskal, H. S., Savino, M., et al. (1992). Proposed subtypes of bipolar II disorder(with hypomanic episodes or cyclothymia) <strong>and</strong> with hyperthymic temperament. J. Affect.Disord., 26, 127–40.Cassidy, F., Forest, K., Murry, E., <strong>and</strong> Carroll, B. J. (1998a). A factor analysis of signs <strong>and</strong>symptoms of mania. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 55, 27–32.Cassidy, F., Murry, E., Forest, K., <strong>and</strong> Carroll, B. (1998b). Signs <strong>and</strong> symptoms of mania in pure<strong>and</strong> mixed episodes. J. Affect. Disord., 50, 187–201.Cohen, S., Khan, A., <strong>and</strong> Robinson, J. (1988). Significance of mixed features in acute mania.Compr. Psychiatry, 29, 421–6.Coryell, W., Endicott, J., <strong>and</strong> Keller, M. (1992). <strong>Rapid</strong> cycling affective disorders: demographics,family history <strong>and</strong> course. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 126–31.Cowdry, R., Wehr, T., Zis, A., et al. (1983). Thyroid abnormalities associated with rapid-cyclingbipolar illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiattry, 40, 414–20.Davidson, J. T., Miller, R. D., Turnbull, C. D., et al. (1982). <strong>Atypical</strong> depression. Arch. Gen.Psychiatry, 39, 527–34.Dehio, H. (1984). Ueber Mischzustände im circulären Irresein. Arch. Psychiatrie, XXVI, 598.Deister, A., Marneros, A., Rohde, A., Staab, B., <strong>and</strong> Jünemann, H. (1990). Long-term outcomeof affective, schizoaffective, <strong>and</strong> schizophrenic disorders: a comparison. In Affective <strong>and</strong>Schizoaffective <strong>Disorders</strong>, ed. A. Marneros <strong>and</strong> M. T. Tsuang, pp. 157–67. Berlin: Springer.Dell’Osso, L., Placidi, G. F., Nassi, R., et al. (1991). The manic depressive mixed state: familial,temperamental <strong>and</strong> psychopathologic characteristics in 108 female inpatients. Eur. Arch.Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 240, 234–9.Dilsaver, S. C., Chen, Y. W., Swann, A. C., Shoaib, A. M., <strong>and</strong> Krajewski, K. J. (1994). Suicidalityin patients with pure <strong>and</strong> depressive mania. Am. J. Psychiatry, 151, 1312–15.
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89 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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91 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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93 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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95 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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97 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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99 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dich
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101 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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103 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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105 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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107 Bipolar I and bipolar II: a dic
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5Recurrent brief depression as an i
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111 Recurrent brief depressionRecur
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113 Recurrent brief depressionbeen
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115 Recurrent brief depressioncorre
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117 Recurrent brief depressionThere
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Chronic 4.8 18.2 9.1 10 NCRapid-cyc
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121 Recurrent brief depressionTable
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123 Recurrent brief depressionPreva
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125 Recurrent brief depressionWe fo
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127 Recurrent brief depressionREFER
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129 Recurrent brief depressionMarne
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6Atypical depression and its relati
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133 Atypical depression and bipolar
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135 Atypical depression and bipolar
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137 Atypical depression and bipolar
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139 Atypical depression and bipolar
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141 Atypical depression and bipolar
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143 Atypical depression and bipolar
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145 Atypical depression and bipolar
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147 Atypical depression and bipolar
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149 Atypical depression and bipolar
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151 Atypical depression and bipolar
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153 Atypical depression and bipolar
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155 Atypical depression and bipolar
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7Agitated depression: spontaneous a
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159 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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161 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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163 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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165 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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167 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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169 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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171 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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173 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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175 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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177 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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179 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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181 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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183 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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185 Agitated depression: spontaneou
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8Schizoaffective mixed statesAndrea
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189 Schizoaffective mixed statescon
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191 Schizoaffective mixed stateswas
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193 Schizoaffective mixed statesUni
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195 Schizoaffective mixed statesTab
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197 Schizoaffective mixed statesday
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199 Schizoaffective mixed statesTot
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201 Schizoaffective mixed statesBip
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203 Schizoaffective mixed statesThe
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205 Schizoaffective mixed statesMar
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9Acute and transient psychotic diso
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209 Acute and transient psychotic d
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211 Acute and transient psychotic d
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213 Acute and transient psychotic d
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215 Acute and transient psychotic d
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217 Acute and transient psychotic d
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219 Acute and transient psychotic d
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221 Acute and transient psychotic d
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Table 9.10 (cont.)ATPD(n ¼ 39)Bipo
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Table 9.11 (cont.)Bipolar affective
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227 Acute and transient psychotic d
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Table 9.14b Significant differences
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231 Acute and transient psychotic d
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233 Acute and transient psychotic d
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235 Acute and transient psychotic d
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10Bipolar disorder in children and
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239 Bipolar disorder in children an
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241 Bipolar disorder in children an
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243 Bipolar disorder in children an
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245 Bipolar disorder in children an
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Pellegrini et al. (1986) 16 23 (7-1
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249 Bipolar disorder in children an
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251 Bipolar disorder in children an
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253 Atypical features of bipolarity
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255 Atypical features of bipolarity
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257 Atypical features of bipolarity
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259 Atypical features of bipolarity
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261 Atypical features of bipolarity
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12Comorbidity in mixed states and r
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265 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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267 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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269 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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271 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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273 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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275 Comorbidity in mixed states and
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13Challenges in the genetics of bip
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279 Challenges in the genetics of b
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Table 13.1 Proportion of first-degr
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283 Challenges in the genetics of b
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285 Challenges in the genetics of b
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287 Challenges in the genetics of b
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289 Challenges in the genetics of b
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291 Challenges in the genetics of b
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Table 13.3 Summary of recent bipola
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13q32 = 3.321q22 = 3.6Liu, C.et al.
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297 Challenges in the genetics of b
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299 Challenges in the genetics of b
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301 Challenges in the genetics of b
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303 Challenges in the genetics of b
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305 Challenges in the genetics of b
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307 Challenges in the genetics of b
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309 Challenges in the genetics of b
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14Biological aspects of rapid cycli
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313 Rapid cycling and mixed statesa
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315 Rapid cycling and mixed statesa
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317 Rapid cycling and mixed statesi
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319 Rapid cycling and mixed statesC
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321 Rapid cycling and mixed statesJ
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323 Rapid cycling and mixed statesW
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325 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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327 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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329 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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331 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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333 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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335 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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337 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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339 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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341 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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343 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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345 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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347 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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349 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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351 The treatment of bipolar mixed
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16The use of atypical antipsychotic
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355 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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357 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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359 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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361 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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363 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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365 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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367 Use of atypical antipsychotic a
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17Investigational strategies: treat
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371 Investigational strategiesBIPOL
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373 Investigational strategiesinsta
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375 Investigational strategiesWhat
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377 Investigational strategiesTable
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379 Investigational strategiescateg
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381 Investigational strategiesTable
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383 Investigational strategies2. Th
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385 Investigational strategiesSachs
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387 Indexclinical course and outcom
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389 Indexdepressive mixed states 51
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391 IndexLange, J. 163learning disa
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393 Indexpsychopharmacological revo
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395 Indexmania, acute 334mixed stat