Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

275 Comorbidity in mixed states and rapid-cycling disordersMcElroy, S. L., Freeman, M. P., and Akiskal, H. S. (2000). The mixed bipolar disorders. InBipolar Disorders: 100 Years after Manic-Depressive Insanity. ed. A. Marneros and J. Angst,pp. 63–88 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.McElroy, S. L., Altshuler, L. L., Suppes, T., et al. (2001). Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and itsrelationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am. J.Psychiatry, 158, 420–6.Merikangas, K. R. (1990). Comorbidity for anxiety and depression: reviews of family and geneticstudies. In Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, ed. J. D. Maser and C. R. Cloninger,pp. 331–48. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Oomen, H. A., Schipperijn, A. J., and Drexhage, H. A. (1996). The prevalence of affectivedisorder and in particular of a rapid cycling of bipolar disorder in patients with abnormalthyroid function tests. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 45, 215–23.Perugi, G., Toni, C., and Akiskal, H. (1999). Anxious-bipolar comorbidity. Diagnostic andtreatment challenges. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 22, 565–83.Perugi, G., Akiskal, H. S., Toni, C., Simonini, E. and Gemignani, A. (2001). The temporalrelationship between anxiety disorders and (hypo)mania: a retrospective examination of 63manic, social phobic and obsessive-compulsive patients with comorbid bipolar disorder.J. Affect. Disord., 67, 199–206.Post, R. M., Rubinow, D. R., Uhde, T. W., et al. (1989). Dysphoric mania. Clinical and biologicalcorrelates. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46, 353–8.Raghavan, R., Day, K. A., and Perry, R. H. (1995). Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder andfamilial learning disability associated with temporal lobe (occipitotemporal gyrus) corticaldysplasia. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 39, 509–19.Reinelt, Y. (2003). Paraklinische Befunde bei gemischten Episoden bipolar affektiver und schizoaffektiverErkrankungen. [Paraclinical findings in patients with mixed bipolar affective andmixed bipolar schizoaffective episodes.] Medical thesis. Halle/Saale: Martin-Luther-UniversityHalle-Wittenberg.Rundell, J. R. and Wise, M. G. (1989). Causes of organic mood disorder. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin.Neurosci., 1, 398–400.Sonne, S. C. and Brady, K. T. (1999). Bipolar disorder and substance abuse. In Comorbidity inAffective Disorders, ed. M. Tohen, pp. 197–212. New York; Marcel Dekker.Sonne, S. C., Brady, K. T., and Morton, W. A. (1994). Substance abuse and bipolar affectivedisorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 182, 349–52.Spitzer, R. L. (1998). Diagnosis and need for treatment are not the same. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,55, 120.Strakowski, S. M., Tohen, M., Stoll, A. L., Faedda, G. L., and Goodwin, D. C. (1992).Comorbidity in mania at first hospitalization. Am. J. Psychiatry, 149, 554–6.Strakowski, S. M., Sax, K. W., McElroy, S. L., et al. (1998). Course of psychiatric and substanceabuse syndromes co-occurring with bipolar disorder after a first psychiatric hospitalization.J. Clin. Psychiatry, 59, 465–71.Swann, A. C., Secunda, S. K., Katz, M. M., et al. (1993). Specificity of mixed affectivestates: clinical comparison of dysphoric mania and agitated depression. J. Affect. Disord.,28, 81–9.