Bipolar Disorders: Mixed States, Rapid-Cycling, and Atypical Forms

394 Indexrapid-cycling disorder (cont.)olanzapine 79quetiapine 80recommendations 69– 70venlafaxine 70ultrarapid cycling 332–3Raynaud’s disease 97reactive psychoses 216recurrent brief anxiety (RBA) 35, 110, 111recurrent brief depression see depression, recurrentbrief (RBD)recurrent brief hypomania (RBM) 35, 111, 114Richarz, Frank 13 , 159, 170risperidone 355bipolar I and bipolar II disorders 100controlled studies for bipolar disorder 356– 8elderly patients 260mania 336Rush, B. 160schizoaffective disorders 17, 187definition developments 188–92DSM-IV criteria 188ICD-10 criteria 188schizoaffective mixed episode 187, 188, 192characteristics 194–6types of episodes 196disability pensions 200–2duration 196– 8, 197frequency 198, 198–9gender differences 193, 199onset 199, 200schizoaffective mixed states 187–8, 202–3see also mixed statesaffective continuum 202characterization 29–33concurrent and sequential types 31cross-sectional definition 30DSM-IV definition 29, 30ICD-10 definition 19longitudinal definition 31current researchCologne Study 192–4HABILOS 194, 195study resultsdisability pensions 200–2, 201episode characteristics 194–6, 196episode duration 196–8, 197episode frequency 198, 198–9gender distribution 199, 199onset 199, 200schizoaffective psychosis 189schizophrenia-like emotional psychoses 217schizophreniform disorder 191Schneider, Kurt 189seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 283secondary mania 257, 258serotonin transporter 63, 290sib-pair method 291Soranus of Ephesos 6Staehelin, J. E. 217Stransky, E. 163strokes 69comorbidity with bipolar affectivedisorders 265subarachnoid hemorrhages 69substance-abuse disorders, comorbidity withbipolar affective disorders 266–7suicide riskbipolar disorders 92, 95depression, recurrent brief (RBD) 122, 123–4mixed states 21lithium therapy 343Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program forBipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) 379thyroid glandabnormalities and disorders 68comorbidity with bipolar affective disorders 264role of lithium 78thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretionrapid-cycling disorder 65, 68, 315topiramate, use in bipolar I and bipolar IIdisorders 100tranylcypromine 340tricyclic antidepressants, use in bipolar I and bipolarII disorders 100tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) 63polymorphisms 63tuberous sclerosis, comorbidity with bipolaraffective disorders 265twin studies 278mood disorders 285, 285–6children and adolescents 288–9heritability 285, 286unproductive mania 12, 13valproate 317bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 245