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Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct impacts Leverage and diffusionimpactsEnergyefficiencySummary of Sectoral Findings (continued)Subsidizedguaranteesfor financialintermediaries’energy efficiencylendingto industry,commercial,and residentialsectorTechnical assistancefor banksOn-lendingthrough financialintermediariesESCO demonstrationPublic sector reformto permitESCO contractsDirect IFC investmentsin energyefficiencyGuarantees facilitate energyefficiency investment by SMEswith poor credit, in poorlydeveloped credit markets, or forhousing coops in East Europe;but are superfluous for largerfirms or for banks’ trusted clients.In China, technical assistancehelped Industrial Bank gainmarket share; in Russia, mayhave helped banks to convincecustomers to borrow for energyefficiency. Energy efficiencyappraisal tool was useful torecipient banks.Useful in countries with poorlydeveloped credit markets.Screening existing clients for energyefficiency opportunities hasidentified small loans with lowabsolute levels of CO 2reductionand is likely not cost-effective instaff time.Mainstream lending is usuallytoo late in the project cycle toaffect technology choice.However IFC may be able tofinance some credit-constrainedlarge firms with high absolutelevels of energy and GHGsavings.Guarantees were not,as assumed, catalytic ininducing diffusion of energyefficiency lending.Some diffusion of energyefficiency practice amongRussian banks.High leverage in China:demonstration wasscaled up.But ESCOs are small andare themselves creditconstrained,limitingscalability.In Hungary, facilitated nationwideinvestments bymunicipalities in efficientheating and lighting.Monitoring needs and issuesPool information on subprojectperformance to identify promisingmarket niches.86 | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct impacts Leverage and diffusionimpactsUrban transitSummary of Sectoral Findings (continued)Efficient lightingBuilding andappliance efficiencyand efficiencypoliciesT&D lossreductionEnergy pricingreformBus RapidTransitApparent very high returnsto compact fluorescent lightdistributionEvaluated in IEG (2009)High returns to engineeringbasedreductions in technicallosses.Evaluated in IEG (2009). Someexamples of progress, forexample, Vietnam.Strong returns in health, congestionreduction, fuel savings;modest CO 2reductions.Forests Protected areas Strict protected areas reducedeforestation on average; reductionsare higher for protectedareas that allow sustainable use,and higher still for indigenousareas.Afforestation/Reforestation/regenerationPayment forenvironmentalservicesSupport for useof sustainabilitycertification byagribusinessesThere have been implementationproblems in most afforestation/reforestationBioCarbon Fund projects. Smallproject scale makes theseuneconomic; low GHG impact;trade-offs.Impact depends on the efficiencywith which payments aresized and targeted at propertiesat risk for deforestation.Chain-of-custody tracing isexpensive and has little impactin IFC-supported investmentsin Brazil.Potentially very highdemonstration anddiffusion effects; poorlydocumented.With supportive enforcementand supply ofefficient materials, equipment,and techniques,has had large catalyticimpact in developedcountries.Institutional and legalreform can promotereduction of non technicallosses.Very high leverage in promotingenergy efficiencyand making renewableenergy more competitive.Bogota and Mexico Cityprojects have had demonstrationimpact.Silvopastoral Project hasdemonstration effect,was scaled up.Combination of NGOpressure on buyers, andgovernment monitoringmay have had significantimpact on reducingBrazilian deforestation.Monitoring needs and issuesOperations research on impact ofalternative promotion strategieson adoption and diffusion of CFLs;surveys on CFL usage.Survey info on building energyconsumption, both existing stockand new construction.Real time, spatially disaggregatedinformation on technical and nontechnicallosses; better understandingof who benefits from nontechnicallosses.Information on levels and trendsin energy pricing; industry andhousehold surveys on incidence ofsubsidies, burden of energy costs.Information on ridership, auto versustransport share, congestion, airpollution levels in transport corridors;evaluation of the effectivenessof vehicle scrappage programs.Info is lacking on protected areaimpacts on biodiversity and locallivelihoods and on protected areamanagement practices.Better documentation of theimpacts of reforestation andafforestation on biomass,hydrology, biodiversity, andlivelihoods.Better information on behavior ofrecipients versus nonrecipients.Impacts of certification schemes(timber, palm oil, etc) remain unknown.Better information requiredon relative prices of certified versusuncertified goods.(Continued)Conclusions and Recommendations | 87
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Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
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Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
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Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
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AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
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Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
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esettlement plans has been ineffect
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of some technologies, such as landf
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Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
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should have been strengthened in th
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
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most places. Before we get there, w
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non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
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attention. In a couple of decades,
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GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
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Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
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Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
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of interventions, from technical as
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would allow industrialized countrie
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growth, poverty reduction (includin
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Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
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Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
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Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
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Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
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Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
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Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
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on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
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and industrial policy. An increasin
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Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
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costs for remaining unelectrified a
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World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
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Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
Page 72 and 73: Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
Page 74 and 75: have had limited causal impact on t
Page 76 and 77: measurement of achieved economic re
Page 78 and 79: Since the early 1990s, public entit
Page 80 and 81: part with a $198 million IDA credit
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
Page 85 and 86: The WBG urban transport portfolio (
Page 87 and 88: y conventional transport systems, i
Page 89 and 90: include the forest carbon projects
Page 91 and 92: for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
Page 93 and 94: After 20 years of effort, systemati
Page 95 and 96: orrowers have demonstrated the abil
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
Page 99 and 100: Consequently, the efficiency with w
Page 101 and 102: technologies could accelerate diffu
Page 103 and 104: A second issue, inherent to any adv
Page 105 and 106: goal of promoting wind turbine impr
Page 107 and 108: ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
Page 109 and 110: Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
Page 111 and 112: demonstration initiative. The Commu
Page 113 and 114: Impacts on technology transferThe 2
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
Page 119 and 120: Specifically, the WBG could:• Pla
Page 121: Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
Page 125 and 126: Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables a
Page 127 and 128: Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
Page 129 and 130: Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
Page 131 and 132: Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
Page 133 and 134: Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
Page 135 and 136: Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
Page 137 and 138: TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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Page 141 and 142: Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
Page 143 and 144: Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
Page 145 and 146: IEG eliminated a few cases of doubl
Page 147 and 148: Table H.1Project andlocationBioener
Page 149 and 150: Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
Page 151 and 152: Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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Page 159 and 160: Chapter 51. From the chief economis
Page 161 and 162: Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
Page 163 and 164: ______. 2007. World Development Ind
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