The Challenge of Low-Carbon Development - World Bank Internet ...

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Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findings (continued)Sector Intervention Direct impacts Leverage and diffusionimpactsMonitoring needs and issuesTechnologyVenture capitalHas failed when investmentsA new IFC approach—transferinvestmentshad multiple handicaps:invest in proven entre-in early stagenoncommercial technologies,preneurs and globallyclean technol-inexperienced entrepreneurs,proven technologies—ogy companiesuninterested markets.could be high leverage.Direct IPRHad modest effects in efficientPrivate companies didtransferboilers project.not share transferredtechnologies.Grants for R&DHad encouragingresults in REDP project.Industry-wide supportled to competition, pricereductions.Monitor results of such projects.Demonstrationof new technologiesHas been successful wherethere was a clear purpose fordemonstration and targetaudience and where adoptionwas profitable: for example,introduction of ESCOs in China;Regional Silvopastoral programin Colombia.Has failed or bogged downwhere purpose was not clear, forexample, 1990s era investmentsin concentrated solar power; orwhen there was an expectationthat private companies wouldshare proprietary technologies.Incorporate good monitoring intoprojects with pilot/demonstrationpurposes; monitor diffusion if thatis the goal.Source: IEG.Note: CFL = compact fluorescent light bulb; ESCO = energy service company; GEF = Global Environment Fund; GHG = greenhouse gas;IFC = International Finance Corporation; IPR = intellectual property rights; NGO = nongovernmental organization; R&D = research anddevelopment; REDP = China’s Renewable Energy Development Project; SHS = solar home voltaic system; SME = small and medium enterprise;T&D = transmission and distribution; WBG = World Bank Group.88 | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables and FiguresTable A.1World Bank Group Commitments to 2003–08 Low-Carbon Projects (by source)Project type IBRD IDA IFC MIGA Guarantees GEF-WorldBankOff-grid and mini-grid renewablesDirect investments including cook-stovesand household biomass/biogasIFC-GEFCarbonfinanceTotal86.2 141.5 165.4 1.8 0.0 273.1 0.0 380.1 515.0Via funds that support subprojects 3.5 199.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 235.4Grid renewable energyDirect investments in RE 801.1 634.7 513.9 313.8 227.5 59.2 0.0 34.7 3,054.8Via financial intermediaries 202.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.7 212.6Energy efficiencyTransmission and distribution lossreduction188.7 247.6 144.4 39.6 0.0 32.4 0.0 0.0 632.8End user energy efficiency 119.7 21.4 199.7 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 422.1Combined heat and power and/or districtheating340.7 51.0 29.5 0.0 0.0 72.9 0.0 42.0 477.4Supply-side energy efficiency 336.0 8.3 117.6 0.0 0.0 22.9 0.0 3.3 527.7Energy efficiency investments viafinancial intermediariesOtherDPL, other investment programs andtechnical assistanceCombinations of RE and energyefficiency, or unspecified, via financialintermediaries314.0 3.8 214.1 0.0 0.0 10.3 165.1 20.6 811.8192.4 74.7 389.3 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 93.0 753.30.0 5.0 227.1 0.0 0.0 18.0 77.0 38.2 335.3Total 2,584.3 1,387.4 2,000.8 355.2 227.5 503.0 242.1 677.7 7,978.1Source: IEG.Note: Unit of analysis is the project component. Excludes freestanding WBG AAA and IFC advisory services, and “special financing.”DPL = Development Policy Lending/Loan; GEF = Global Environment Facility; IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development;IDA = International Development Association; IFC = International Finance Corporation; MIGA = Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency;RE = renewable energy.Appendix A: Renewable Energy Tables and Figures | 89
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Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
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Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
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Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
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AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
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Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
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esettlement plans has been ineffect
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of some technologies, such as landf
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Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
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should have been strengthened in th
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
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most places. Before we get there, w
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non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
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attention. In a couple of decades,
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GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
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Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
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Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
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of interventions, from technical as
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would allow industrialized countrie
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growth, poverty reduction (includin
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Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
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Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
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Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
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Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
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Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
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Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
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on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
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and industrial policy. An increasin
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Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
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costs for remaining unelectrified a
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World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
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Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
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Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
Page 74 and 75: have had limited causal impact on t
Page 76 and 77: measurement of achieved economic re
Page 78 and 79: Since the early 1990s, public entit
Page 80 and 81: part with a $198 million IDA credit
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
Page 85 and 86: The WBG urban transport portfolio (
Page 87 and 88: y conventional transport systems, i
Page 89 and 90: include the forest carbon projects
Page 91 and 92: for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
Page 93 and 94: After 20 years of effort, systemati
Page 95 and 96: orrowers have demonstrated the abil
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
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Page 101 and 102: technologies could accelerate diffu
Page 103 and 104: A second issue, inherent to any adv
Page 105 and 106: goal of promoting wind turbine impr
Page 107 and 108: ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
Page 109 and 110: Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
Page 111 and 112: demonstration initiative. The Commu
Page 113 and 114: Impacts on technology transferThe 2
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
Page 117 and 118: Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
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Page 121 and 122: Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
Page 123: Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct
Page 127 and 128: Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
Page 129 and 130: Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
Page 131 and 132: Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
Page 133 and 134: Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
Page 135 and 136: Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
Page 137 and 138: TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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Page 141 and 142: Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
Page 143 and 144: Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
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Page 149 and 150: Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
Page 151 and 152: Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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Page 161 and 162: Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
Page 163 and 164: ______. 2007. World Development Ind
Page 165 and 166: IEG PublicationsAnalyzing the Effec
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