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EndnotesChapter 11. MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of GlobalChange (http://globalchange.mit.edu/resources/gamble/nopolicy.html)based on the research described in Sokolov andothers (2009).2. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenicgreenhouse gas, but there are others, such as methane.All are weighted according to their relative impact on climatechange (for instance, methane is 25 times as potent as CO 2).The weighted sum is expressed as CO 2-equivalent, ppm.Chapter 21. World Bank projects are evaluated after closure, andmany investment projects last six to eight years or more.IFC projects are usually evaluated five years after the initialinvestment.2. This set of projects follows the official classification ofprojects in an internal World Bank database. That classificationmay exclude some supply-side energy efficiencyprojects, including those that reduce T&D losses.3. Classification based on 2009 status.4. Data are from the Development Outcome TrackingSystem.5. IEG’s calculation of Bonn Commitment volume exceedmanagement’s report for 2005–08; no verification was attemptedfor the 2009 report.6. But see Deichmann and others (2010), whose spatialanalysis of Ethiopia suggests surprisingly broad competitivenessfor grid-based electricity.7. To impute the capacity factor, nominal capacity wasmultiplied by the ratio of actual certified emission reductions/designcertified emission reductions.8. For comparison, the average price of World Bankpurchasedcarbon credit is $8.07, according to the CarbonFinance Unit’s 2009 annual report. Average primary CERprice in 2009 was $12.69 according to World Bank (2010).9. Data from January 2009.10. The World Bank has recently supported an IndonesiaInfrastructure Guarantee Fund, though it is not specificallytargeted on renewable energy.11. Two supported both on- and off-grid.12. Global average, excluding high-income countries, fromWorld Development Indicators 2007 (World Bank 2007).13. The Sri Lanka Renewable Energy for Rural EconomicDevelopment Project has an exemplary monitoring systemand undertook a consumer satisfaction survey in 2006, butsubsequent monitoring reports complained of an inadequateresponse rate.Chapter 31. Tunisia (2005, $8.5 million) and Uruguay (2004,$6.9 million) were excluded for geographic coherence.2. Many efficiency projects involve replacement of oldequipment with new machinery that is both more efficientbut also has higher production capacity—for instance, replacinga bakery oven with a new one that produces twice asmuch bread per day. Energy savings are calculated by assumingthat, absent the project, the production would have beenexpanded using the old technology. This seems unlikely.3. Environment Canada: http://www.ec.go.ca.4. An intermediate category of scrutiny for environmentalimpacts.Chapter 41. Source is CAIT 7.0. Tabulation includes all GHGs andland use change.2. If a project had performance indicators linked to GHGreductions, it was classed as having a formal goal. Otherwise,if the project mentioned GHG reductions as a projectbenefit, it was classed as having an informal goal.3. Coincident with the financial crisis, which saw aBank-wide increase in Development Policy Loans, about$600 million in forest-related loans were committed duringfiscal 2009–10.4. The payments in question were for avoided deforestation,not for reforestation or natural regeneration. Thus,this observation of increased forest growth could either indicatea real but indirect impact (for instance, the abandonmentof marginal grazing land due to the PES payment) ora spurious correlation (the recipients’ land may, in fact, beof poorer quality than the control group’s, for reasons thatare not observable, with the result that they are more likelyto give up grazing).5. The Regional Silvopastoral Project is the reportedly thefirst World Bank-executed conservation project framed asan experiment. A review of the Nicaragua component ofthe project (GEFEO 2009) found that its control group waspoorly constituted and unsuitable for control/treatmentcomparisons. The Colombia component appears to have abetter constructed control group.122 | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Chapter 51. From the chief economist’s blog: http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/why-coal.2. Excluded was a small (60 MW) Indonesian facility. Theinvestment in Medupi (South Africa) is out of the timeframe for analysis.3. The figures are not directly comparable because of the lagbetween approval and installation, but they convey the relativescale of WBG involvement. Private sector companies enteredcontracts to build and operate 87.0 GW of new capacityin Bank-borrower countries over 2003–08. Of these, projectstotaling 10.9 GW had some WBG involvement. The WBG’sshare of investment (loans plus equity) in the private projectswas 1.6 percent, plus guarantees covering 0.3 percent.4. The demand for carbon offsets is driven partly by theneed for some developed countries (appendix I) to meettheir obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. At this writing,those obligations are not defined past 2012. However, CERsrecognized under the CDM will in some cases be acceptablein the European Union Emissions Trading System carbonmarket after 2012.5. CF Assist helped with the design of the Fund to whichthis tax contributes.6. The Montreal Protocol Fund’s phase-out of ozonedestroyingsubstances, many of which are also GHGs. Ithelps transfer technology and pays for the marginal cost ofabatement of the substances.7. However, new firms have entered the industry. They areineligible for CDM payments for HFC-23 emissions, andare emitting growing amounts of the gas (Montzka andothers 2010). Thus, low-cost GHG abatement opportunitiesare not being utilized.Chapter 61. As this report was being finalized, a WBG-supportedmass distribution of CFLs in Bangladesh took place andincluded a rigorous engineering assessment of impact onoverall power consumption.Endnotes | 123
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Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
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Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
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Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
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AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
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Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
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esettlement plans has been ineffect
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of some technologies, such as landf
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Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
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should have been strengthened in th
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
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Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
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most places. Before we get there, w
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non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
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attention. In a couple of decades,
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GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
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Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
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Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
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of interventions, from technical as
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would allow industrialized countrie
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growth, poverty reduction (includin
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Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
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Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
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Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
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Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
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Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
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Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
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on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
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and industrial policy. An increasin
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Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
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costs for remaining unelectrified a
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World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
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Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
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Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
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have had limited causal impact on t
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measurement of achieved economic re
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Since the early 1990s, public entit
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part with a $198 million IDA credit
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Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
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The WBG urban transport portfolio (
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y conventional transport systems, i
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include the forest carbon projects
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for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
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After 20 years of effort, systemati
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orrowers have demonstrated the abil
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Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
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Consequently, the efficiency with w
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technologies could accelerate diffu
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A second issue, inherent to any adv
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goal of promoting wind turbine impr
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Page 111 and 112: demonstration initiative. The Commu
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Page 127 and 128: Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
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Page 149 and 150: Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
Page 151 and 152: Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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