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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 29▲ 3.13 Licorne Soccer Stadium, Amiens, France, Chaix & Morelet Associés, 1999. Curved ribbed walls enclose the pitch andspectators.▲ 3.14Wall ribs, props and longitudinal girts.▲ 3.15 The Reichstag Cupola, Berlin, Germany, Foster and Partners, 1999. Radial ribsand circumferential tubes. ▲ 3.16 Ludwig Erhard House, Berlin,Germany, Nicholas Grimshaw &Partners, 1998. Arched end of buildingas seen from the rear.the ribs provides them with additional horizontal stiffness through its inplanring-beam action. A circumferential moment-resisting frame similarto that of the Licorne Stadium lies within the dome surface to resist lateralloads.ArchesArches also offer a potential synthesis of architectural and structuralform. At Ludwig Erhard House, Berlin (Fig. 3.16) repeated arches
30 STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE▲ 3.17 The Great Glasshouse, Carmarthenshire, Wales, Foster and Partners, 1998.Arched roof.structure a vault-like building form. Varying arch spans respond to anirregularly shaped site. Suspended floors either hang from tension hangersunder the arches, or as on the street frontage, are propped offthem. This is an example of reasonably conventional arch usage wherearches are regularly spaced and aligned vertically. But at the GreatGlasshouse, Carmarthenshire, arches form a toroidal dome (Fig. 3.17).The dome’s two constant orthogonal radii of curvature require that thearches distant from the building’s centreline lean over in response tothe three-dimensional surface curvature. Clarity of the arched structuralform is undiminished by the small diameter tubes that run longitudinallyto tie the arches back at regular intervals to a perimeter ringbeam. Apart from supporting the roof glazing they also prevent thearches from buckling laterally and deflecting from their inclined planes.Framed structuresSynthesis of architectural and structural form extends beyond curvedforms. Consider the intimate relationship between orthogonal skeletalstructural frameworks and rectilinear forms. In his discussion of theformative 1891 Sears Roebuck Store in Chicago, Condit asserts: ‘for thefirst time the steel and wrought-iron skeleton became fully and unambiguouslythe means of architectonic expression . . . The long west elevationis developed directly out of the structural system behind it, muchas the isolated buttresses of the Gothic Cathedral serve as primaryvisual elements in its indissoluble unity of structure and form.’ 8
Page 2 and 3: STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE
Page 4 and 5: STRUCTURE ASARCHITECTUREA SOURCE BO
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgementsviix
Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThis book explores the poten
Page 10 and 11: PREFACEixcould be included in reali
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSVarious organizatio
Page 14 and 15: 1INTRODUCTION. . . structure is col
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION 3comment, the validity
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION 5ideals current at tho
Page 20 and 21: 2TWO BUILDING STUDIESThis chapter a
Page 22 and 23: TWO BUILDING STUDIES 937123456789Fo
Page 24: TWO BUILDING STUDIES 11▲ 2.6 Inno
Page 28 and 29: TWO BUILDING STUDIES 1515112345Entr
Page 30 and 31: TWO BUILDING STUDIES 17▲ 2.15Ligh
Page 32 and 33: 3RELATIONSHIPS BETWEENARCHITECTURAL
Page 34 and 35: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL
Page 64 and 65: 4BUILDING EXTERIOR▲ 4.1 Hong Kong
Page 66 and 67: BUILDING EXTERIOR 53divisions withi
Page 68 and 69: BUILDING EXTERIOR 55▲ 4.3 Yerba B
Page 70 and 71: BUILDING EXTERIOR 57structural modu
Page 72 and 73: BUILDING EXTERIOR 59No doubt the te
Page 74 and 75: BUILDING EXTERIOR 61▲ 4.15 Librar
Page 76 and 77: BUILDING EXTERIOR 63achieve a reaso
Page 78 and 79: BUILDING EXTERIOR 65▲ 4.23 Cité
Page 80 and 81: BUILDING EXTERIOR 67▲ 4.27 Wilkha
Page 82 and 83: BUILDING EXTERIOR 69▲ 4.30 Charle
Page 84 and 85: BUILDING EXTERIOR 71▲ 4.34 S. Gio
Page 86 and 87: BUILDING EXTERIOR 73▲ 4.36 Busine
Page 88 and 89: BUILDING EXTERIOR 75▲ 4.40 Bracke
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5BUILDING FUNCTIONINTRODUCTIONIn it
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BUILDING FUNCTION 811 Dining Area2
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BUILDING FUNCTION 83▲ 5.4 Toscana
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BUILDING FUNCTION 85▲ 5.9 Museum
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BUILDING FUNCTION 87▲ 5.12 Main i
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BUILDING FUNCTION 89Pamplona. In th
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BUILDING FUNCTION 91▲ 5.23 Law Co
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BUILDING FUNCTION 93▲ 5.26 Centra
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BUILDING FUNCTION 95deal of archite
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BUILDING FUNCTION 97▲ 5.33 Resear
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BUILDING FUNCTION 99▲ 5.38 125 Al
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BUILDING FUNCTION 101limits the act
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6INTERIOR STRUCTUREINTRODUCTIONInev
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 105▲ 6.1 Entra
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 107▲ 6.6 FDA L
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 109▲ 6.8 Westm
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 111▲ 6.12 Sond
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 113(a)(b)(c)(d)(
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 115▲ 6.16 Port
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 117▲ 6.20 Muse
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 119▲ 6.25 Fitz
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 121▲ 6.28 Notr
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 123▲ 6.32 West
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 125▲ 6.36Unusu
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 127▲ 6.39 Cour
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INTERIOR STRUCTURE 129of structural
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7STRUCTURAL DETAILINGINTRODUCTIONEx
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 133connection
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 135▲ 7.6 Per
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 137▲ 7.10 Ku
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 139modulate th
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 141▲ 7.18Pre
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 143▲ 7.21 Fi
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 145▲ 7.26 Ju
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 147▲ 7.29 St
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 149read as cla
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 151AESTHETIC Q
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 153▲ 7.42 Re
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 155▲ 7.48 Mi
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 157▲ 7.53 Ce
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 159▲ 7.56 Ch
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 161▲ 7.62 Ce
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 163▲ 7.67 Bi
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING 1656 Collins,
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8STRUCTURE AND LIGHTINTRODUCTIONFol
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 169member layou
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 171▲ 8.5 Kew
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 173▲ 8.9 Rail
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 175▲ 8.13 Tra
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 177surrounding
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 179▲ 8.23 Bro
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 181▲ 8.27 Sta
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 183▲ 8.33 Bus
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 185▲ 8.36 Tim
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STRUCTURE AND LIGHT 187After acknow
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9REPRESENTATIONAND SYMBOLISMINTRODU
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REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM 191▲
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REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM 193Var
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REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM 197ark
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REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM 201Exp
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REPRESENTATION AND SYMBOLISM 203ent
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10CONCLUSIONSINTRODUCTIONThe fact t
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CONCLUSIONS 209carefully integrated
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INDEX OF BUILDINGSAND REFERENCESThe
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INDEX OF BUILDINGS AND REFERENCES 2
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INDEXAcoustics, 7, 208Aéroports de
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INDEX 227Ridge-beam, 3, 200-1Rivet,
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