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58 STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTUREwith its architecture, and in particular its cathedrals, whose walls areflanked by massive exterior structure. Buttresses topped by pinnacles andsupporting flying buttresses contribute an extraordinary depth and textureas a by-product of structural necessity (Fig. 4.8).Modern structural systems usually do not require nearly as much depth,but architects often welcome whatever depth is available for the aestheticvalue it brings to a building exterior. For example, deep perimeterstructure juts out from Dulles International Airport terminal,Washington, DC. Unlike Gothic buttresses that resist compression thrustsoriginating from masonry roof vaults, the terminal’s piers resist tensionforces arising from a reinforced concrete catenary roof (see Fig. 3.10).The piers are very substantial even though an outward inclinationreduces the bending moments they must resist. Their elegant taperreflects both structural actions and the architect’s desire to express‘the movement and excitement of modern travel by air’. 4▲ 4.8 Cathédrale Nôtre Dame, Paris,France, 1260. Deep perimeter structuresurrounds the chevet.▲ 4.9 Dulles International Airport,Washington, DC, USA, Saarinen (Eero) andAssociates, 1962. Piers create deep baysalong the façade.From most viewpoints the piers visually dominate the exterior of theterminal. They provide depth and rhythm to the front façade (Fig. 4.9).Even though fully glazed walls butt into the sides of piers and limitthe extent of their exposure, by curving the glazed walls in-plan into thebuilding, additional façade depth is gained. This masterful design movesimultaneously dissipates the possible visual severity of planar outwardslopingsurfaces, echoes the profile of the curved canopy above, andalso accentuates both points of entry and bays between the piers forpeople to meet and wait in. The curved walls also allow for wind faceloadsto be resisted by horizontal arch or catenary action depending onthe wind direction, reducing considerably wall framing member dimensionsand maximizing transparency.Although designers usually provide structural depth to façades usingribbed or discrete elements, as in the previous example, continuousstructure like an undulating wall presents other possibilities. If folded orcurved in plan, the structural depth and the stability and strength normalto the plane of a wall increase. Such a wall can therefore be understoodas a vertically cantilevered folded-plate when resisting face loads.In the context of this chapter, shaping a wall in plan presents opportunitiesfor architectural enrichment, as illustrated at the MönchengladbachMuseum. Highly regarded for the qualities of its interior spaces andurban setting, an exterior gallery wall undulates (Fig. 4.10). The sinuouswall imbues one gallery interior with special character and outside, thewall’s serpentine geometry appears as a natural extension of the curvilinearpaths and brick walls that lead up the hillside to the museum. Thegently curving wall possesses an attractive softness and naturalness.