Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy: An Introduction to TEM ...

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REFERENCES Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, C., and Weibel, E., 1982, Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49:57�60. Browning, N.D., Wallis, D.J., Nellist, P.D., and Pennycook, S.J., 1997, EELS in the STEM: Determining the properties of materials on an atomic scale. Micron 28:333�348. Brydson, R., 2001, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. BIOS, Oxford. Davisson, C. and Germer, L.H., 1927, Diffraction of electrons by a crystal of nickel. Phys. Rev. 30:705�740. Egerton, R.F., 1996, Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd ed. Springer, New York. Gabor, D., 1948, A new microscopic principle. Nature 161:777�778. Gauvin, R., Hovington, P., Drouin, D., Couture, A. R., Horny, P., and Demers, H., 2001, CASINO: a Monte Carlo Simulation of electron trajectory in solids. Available from http://www.gel.usherb.ca/casino/ Glaeser, W., 1952, Foundations of Electron Optics (in German). Springer-Verlag, Vienna. Goodhew, P.J., 1985, Thin Foil Preparation for Electron Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Hashimoto, H., Endoh, H., Tanji, T., Ono, A., and Watanabe, E., 1977, Direct observation of fine structure within images of atoms in crystals by transmission electron microscopy. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 42:179. Joy, D.C., and Joy, C.S., 1996, Low-voltage scanning electron microscopy. Micron 27: 247�263. Knoll, M., and Ruska, E., 1932, Contribution to geometrical electron optics (in German). Annalen der Physik 5:607�661. Lobastov, M., Srinivasan, R., and Zewail, A.H.., 2005, Four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 102:7069�7073. Maxwell, J. C., 1858, On the general laws of optical instruments. Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2:233�246. Muller, D.A., and Grazul, J., 2001, Optimizing the environment for sub-0.2nm scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 50:219�226. Neuhausler, U., Abend, S., Jacobsen, C., and G. Lagaly, G., 1999, Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy on solid-stabilized emulsions. Colloid. Polym. Sci. 277:719�726.
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Ray F. Egerton Physical Principles
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To Maia
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viii Contents 3.3 Condenser-Lens Sy
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PREFACE The telescope transformed o
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Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROS
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An Introduction to Microscopy 3 In
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An Introduction to Microscopy 5 Cha
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An Introduction to Microscopy 7 eye
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An Introduction to Microscopy 9 can
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An Introduction to Microscopy 11 1.
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An Introduction to Microscopy 13 Fi
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An Introduction to Microscopy 23 A
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An Introduction to Microscopy 25 el
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28 Chapter 2 Rule 1 states that for
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30 Chapter 2 that is curved rather
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32 Chapter 2 x 0 object principal p
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34 Chapter 2 2.3. Imaging with Elec
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36 Chapter 2 cross-product or vecto
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38 Chapter 2 important to remember
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40 Chapter 2 A cross section throug
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42 Chapter 2 As an example, we can
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44 Chapter 2 microscopes, at a time
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46 Chapter 2 When these non-paraxia
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48 Chapter 2 So far, we have said n
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50 Chapter 2 from the lens) for ele
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52 Chapter 2 P (a) P (b) y y x x +V
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54 Chapter 2 The stigmators found i
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Chapter 3 THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
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The Transmission Electron Microscop
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Chapter 4 TEM SPECIMENS AND IMAGES
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TEM Specimens and Images 95 v 0 m M
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TEM Specimens and Images 97 In prac
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TEM Specimens and Images 99 P e (>
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TEM Specimens and Images 101 4.4 Sc
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TEM Specimens and Images 103 Figure
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TEM Specimens and Images 105 as see
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TEM Specimens and Images 107 dimens
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TEM Specimens and Images 109 (discu
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TEM Specimens and Images 111 Figure
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TEM Specimens and Images 113 core,
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TEM Specimens and Images 115 unders
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TEM Specimens and Images 117 underf
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TEM Specimens and Images 119 From t
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TEM Specimens and Images 121 (a) (b
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TEM Specimens and Images 123 of a s
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Chapter 5 THE SCANNING ELECTRON MIC
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The Scanning Electron Microscope 12
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Page 149 and 150: The Scanning Electron Microscope 14
Page 163 and 164: 156 Chapter 6 where h = 6.63 � 10
Page 165 and 166: 158 Chapter 6 Many-electron atoms r
Page 167 and 168: 160 Chapter 6 Figure 6-2 also demon
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Page 171 and 172: 164 Chapter 6 Ideally, each peak in
Page 173 and 174: 166 Chapter 6 to balance the units
Page 175 and 176: 168 Chapter 6 a three-dimensional d
Page 177 and 178: 170 Chapter 6 to be analyzed, where
Page 179 and 180: 172 Chapter 6 different from the co
Page 181 and 182: 174 Chapter 6 A typical energy-loss
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 7.1 S
Page 185 and 186: Recent Developments 179 Figure 7-2.
Page 187 and 188: Recent Developments 181 below 0.1 n
Page 189 and 190: Recent Developments 183 one type of
Page 191 and 192: Recent Developments 185 Besides hav
Page 193 and 194: Recent Developments 187 Figure 7-7.
Page 195 and 196: Recent Developments 189 holder cont
Page 197 and 198: 192 Appendix cathode vacuum + + + +
Page 199: 194 Appendix The variable � repre
Page 203 and 204: 198 Index Bright-field image, 100 B
Page 205 and 206: 200 Index Inner-shell ionization, 1
Page 207: 202 Index Stacking fault, 114 Stage
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