Tikchik village: a nineteenth century riverine community in ... - Cluster

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216 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 56time, corresponded frequently with me on Alaskan pottery problemsin general. The skeletal material was examined by Dr. Robert E.Dailey, Florida State University, who provided data on age and sex.The text figures and maps were drawn by Mr. Gustaf Dalstrom ofField Museum of Natural History and, finally,the excellent photographsare the work of Mr. John Glover, Photographic Department,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto.For critical comments and helpful suggestions during the preparationof this study I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. WendellH. Oswalt of the University of California, Los Angeles. Nearlyevery phase of the description and analysis of the Tikchik collectionswas discussed with Dr. Oswalt who is, however, in no way responsiblefor any errors either of fact or interpretation.
PrefaceThe present study is the result of my interest in the culture historyof the Nushagak River region in southwestern Alaska and myattempts to gather information about the population of the river systemfrom the time of earliest historic contact until the present (Fig. 1) .The area has been occupied in historic times by a coastal Eskimopopulation combining fishing with sea mammal hunting and by interiorEskimos who emphasize fishing and land hunting but makefrequent trips to the coast, particularly during the summer months.During the contact period, however, the cultural distinction betweenthe two groups has gradually been obliterated by the depradations ofepidemics and by migrations into the area, mostly from the AlaskaPeninsula to the south and the Kuskokwim River to the north.The Nushagak River region is a particularly suitable area for thestudy of nineteenth century culture change. The region was penetratedby the Russians early in that century, and the mouth of theriver was the site of the first Russian trading post north of the AlaskaPeninsula, constructed in 1818. A mission of the Russian OrthodoxChurch was established at the post in 1842 and the Moravian Churchentered the mission field in the area in 1886. The fur trade was welldeveloped throughout the period of contact and miners, the commercialfishing industry in Bristol Bay, the reindeer herding program,health and education services have all at various times been instrumentalin bringing about change in the culture of the population ofthe region. Of particular importance in this regard has been thecommercial salmon fishing industry which began in the 1880's andhas, since that time, been the major economic factor influencing thelives of the Eskimos of the Nushagak River and Nushagak Bay.As might be expected, all these agents of contact have provided arich store of published and archival information on the Eskimos ofthe region, information that covers most of the nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries. In 1963 I began a detailed study of these publishedand unpublished source materials and prepared an annotatedethnohistorical bibliography on the region (VanStone, 1968) for myown use and the use of others who might become interested in thearea.In addition to their value for the study of early phases of con-217
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Page 12 and 13: Ivan Ishnook, the last Tikchik surv
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Page 16 and 17: Listof IllustrationsIvan Ishnook, t
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Page 22 and 23: c^^NtKushaqakfOdinochka-, Lake,.Lna
Page 24 and 25: Tikchik Village inHistoryThe meanin
Page 26 and 27: 224 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME
Page 34 and 35: 232
Page 40 and 41: 238 FIELDIAN A: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUM
Page 48 and 49: 246 FIELDIANA: ANTHROLPOLOGY, VOLUM
Page 52 and 53: 25a FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME
Page 64: 262 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME
Page 67 and 68: CollectionsIn this chapter the arti
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 267type i
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Plate 3, Ground Stone and Antler Ar
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 271edge.
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Plate 4. Bone and Antler Artifacts.
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 275isobvi
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Plate 6. Bone, Antler, Bark and Lea
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 279One of
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 281is fla
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 283be not
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 285Thus t
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 287row sl
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 289of the
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14 15Plate 8. Metal, Glass and Impo
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 293have b
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 295Of the
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 297(Fonta
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Plate 9. Metal Artifacts. 1. Ovate-
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Plate 10. Metal Artifacts. 1. Flint
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 303barrel
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 305size n
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 307histor
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 309Crow V
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^ HIS--I rj 1-H ^1-H i-H (M 1-H --(
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 313wait,
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Plate lib. Locally-made Pottery. La
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 317Stone,
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 319Much m
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 321centur
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 323how pe
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 325River
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 327list j
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 329River
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 331suit o
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 333Bristo
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 335mercia
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 337estima
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Spring and summerVANSTONE: TIKCHIK
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Interpretations and ConclusionsThe
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 343United
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 345p. 230
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 347forest
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 349could,
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them.VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 351T
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 353Cobb,
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 3551902.
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VANSTONE: TIKCHIK VILLAGE 3571967.
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Publication 1057
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