Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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e) no sudden or repeated change in the speed or direction of vessels or aircraft should be madeexcept in the case of an emergency;f) where a vessel stops to enable the passengers to watch a cetacean, the engines should beplaced in neutral;g) no aircraft should be flown below 150 metres above sea level;h) no vessel should approach within 50 metres of a cetacean;i) no vessel should cut off the path of a cetaceanj) no cetacean should be prevent from leaving the vicinity of the vessel;k) a vessel less than 300 metres from cetaceans should move at a constant speed no faster thanthe slowest cetacean in the vicinity;l) a vessel departing from the vicinity of cetaceans should proceed slowly until the vessel is atleast 300 metres from the nearest cetacean;m) aircraft should be operated is such a manner that, without compromising safety, the aircraft'sshadow is not imposed directly on cetaceans;n) only one vessel or aircraft at any one time should be allowed to stay in the watching area;o) the presence in the watching area should be limited to around 15 minutes for vessels or 2minutes for aircraft, especially if other vessels or aircraft are waiting for their turn;p) no vessel should approach within 100 metres of any cetacean that is accompanied by a calf;q) vessels should approach a cetacean only diagonally from the rear side;r) activities such as swimming with cetaceans should be specifically authorised and regulated;s) cetaceans should not be in any other way disturbed or harassed.Point 5Training and special quality mark1. The Parties should organise training courses for operators and staff and grant them a certificate2. The Parties should allow the use of a special quality mark to the operators who havebehaved in conformity with the applicable regulations or guidelines, have obtained atraining certificate and have a qualified guide on board.Point 6Sanctions and remedies1. The Parties should impose sanctions of sufficient gravity to deter violations of the presentGuidelines, including the suspension or revocation of permits.2. Those who are responsible of violations should be required to compensate the damage in theform of restitution or mitigation.137
Annex 3. Documented examples of cetacean disturbance by boat traffic(Adapted from: S.J. Dolman, E.C.M. Parsons and M.P. Simmonds 2002. Noise Sources in the Cetacean Environment.Paper presented to the Scientific Committee at the 51 st Meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC/SC54/E7)Bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops spp.Although bottlenose dolphins are known to display positive reactions to boat traffic, approachingboats to ride on the bow-wave (Shane et al. 1986) and associating with fishing vessels (Corkeron,1990), they are also known to display negative reactions to vessel traffic. Scientific literaturesummarising these reactions is described below.Location: Cardigan Bay, Wales.• In August 1999 land-based observation sites were used to monitor bottlenose dolphinbehaviour, including their behaviour around boat traffic.• Generally dolphins displayed neutral behaviour around boats (neither attracted nor deterred).However, dolphins displayed a significant attraction to dolphin-watching boats, and weresignificantly deterred from kayaks.• Size of bottlenose dolphin group did not affect the dolphins’ reactions to boat traffic.Ref: Gregory and Rowden 2001.Location: Perth, Australia.• Decrease in dolphin feeding and resting behaviour was correlated with the presence ofdolphin watching boats (p
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
Page 88 and 89: McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
Page 90 and 91: Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
Page 92 and 93: Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 94 and 95: Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
Page 98 and 99: an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 100 and 101: in the preparatory work of the LOSC
Page 102 and 103: practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
Page 108 and 109: Four of the twelve regional seas tr
Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
Page 116 and 117: No State Party may impose condition
Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
Page 120 and 121: If the IMO makes this determination
Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
Page 124 and 125: In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
Page 144 and 145: • Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
Page 150 and 151: • Humpback whales appeared tolera
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Page 154 and 155: • There was no evidence of minke
Page 156 and 157: • Northern right whales may be ap
Page 158 and 159: • Migrating gray whales disturbed
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Page 162 and 163: distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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