Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour recorded in beluga whales exposed to the noise produced by a large vesseland an icebreaker ship, altered after exposure. The beluga whales remained vocal and emitteda large proportion of falling tonal, chirp trains, “morse” tonal calls and noisy pulsive calls,thought to be alarm calls.• These alarm calls were produced when the vessels were at a distance of 85km.• Avoidance behaviour began to be observed when vessels were 45-60km away. Received,broad-band (20Hz – 1kHz) noise levels from the shipping at this distance were 94-105 dB re1µPa.• Group integrity and surfacing/diving behaviour also changed.• The beluga whales travelled up to 80km away from the vessel’s course and remaineddisplaced for 1-2 days.Ref: Findley et al. 1990.Location: St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada• Beluga whales changed direction to avoid shipping traffic and increased swimming speed.• Reactions were stronger when the shipping traffic made sudden changes in speed or direction.Ref: Edds and MacFarlane 1987.Location:Bristol Bay, Alaska• Beluga whales stopped feeding and swam down river in response to motorboats, even whenlevels of received noise were low.• The beluga whales showed stronger reactions to vessels with outboard motors than othervessels.• The beluga whales exhibited reactions despite received sound levels being so low theresearchers considered that they would be barely perceptible to the beluga whales.Ref: Stewart et al. 1982, 1983.Location: MacKenzie Estuary, Canada,• Beluga whales avoided tug boats and oil auxiliary vessels even though they were further than2km away.• The beluga group split up and remained separate for several hoursRef: Fraker 1977a,b; 1978.Location: Bristol Bay, Alaska141
• Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, feeding in Bristol Bay, Alaska were not displacedfrom their feeding site despite being harassed by speedboats.Ref: Fish and Vania 1971.PorpoisesSpecies type: Finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoidesLocation: Hong Kong.• The presence of boats caused a significant increase in finless porpoise dive times. It wassuggested that the longest dives were in response to speed and passenger boats.• Porpoises were observed surfacing tens of metres in front of, or alongside, high-speedferries.• Porpoises were observed leaping, apparently as an avoidance reaction in response toapproaching boat traffic.Ref: Beasley and Jefferson 2000.Species type: Harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoenaLocation: Shetland Isles, Scotland• Harbour porpoises in south-east Shetland avoided shipping traffic of all sizes.• The occurrence of shipping vessels in an area could lead to porpoises departing the areacompletely.• Porpoises were more likely to avoid infrequent vessels than routine vessels such as regularferry services.Ref: Evans et al. 1994.Species type: Harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoenaLocation: Bay of Fundy, Canada.• Harbour porpoises were significantly more frequently observed swimming away from thesurvey ship route than towards it.• The avoidance behaviour was more frequent for animals sighted within 400m of the surveyvessel.Ref: Polacheck and Thorpe 1990.Species type: Vaquita, Phocoena sinusLocation: Gulf of California, Mexico.142
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
Page 92 and 93: Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 94 and 95: Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
Page 98 and 99: an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 100 and 101: in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
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Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
Page 116 and 117: No State Party may impose condition
Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 144 and 145: • Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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Page 154 and 155: • There was no evidence of minke
Page 156 and 157: • Northern right whales may be ap
Page 158 and 159: • Migrating gray whales disturbed
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Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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