Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80.05-100.75-1.80.03-1.2Payne and Payne 1985;Silber 1986;Thompson et al. 198653
5. Noise as a problem for cetaceansChris Parsons and Sarah Dolman5.1 Particular cetacean vulnerabilitiesLack of knowledge means that risk assessment for cetaceans is most often based on assumptions.For example, it is assumed that those cetacean species with a hearing range within the range of anintroduced sound are likely to be most affected by the sound (with the possible exception ofexplosions and other such impulsive signals). Certain individuals within a group might beconsidered more vulnerable to noise; for example, mother and calf pairs. Similarly, those specieswith a poor conservation status, for example, endangered species, may be given special attention.The significance of introduced noise might also be given a higher priority where geographicaland/or seasonal areas of critical habitat have been identified.Deep-diving species such as the sperm and beaked whales may also be vulnerable as they travelinto zones where noise may be concentrated. These animals leave the surface with enoughoxygen in their organs and blood to sustain the dive, but may not have reserves to swim awayfrom intense and unexpected noise (Simmonds and Dolman 1999). An individual may not havethe capacity, particularly towards the end of its dive, to swim away from the introduction of anintense noise source.5.2 Short-term observationsIt cannot be assumed that no biological consequences result from exposure to loud noises whereno behavioural response is measured. However, in terms of determining if a noise is significant,consideration of behavioural responses might provide useful information. Identification ofsignificant behavioural responses requires that a cetacean’s normal behaviour (within theparticular circumstances under which they are exposed to the noise) is well categorised and thatchanges to it must be measurable and be able to be linked to the noise disturbance. It also requiresresearchers to be able detect changes in this behaviour, something which is particularly difficultwith animals which spend so much of their time out of sight, submerged beneath the surface.5.2.1 Disturbance and displacement reactionsHuman-introduced noise has been documented to induce short-term behavioural reactionsincluding cessation of feeding, socialising and vocalising, changes in diving behaviour as well asavoidance or attraction. In addition, noise has been documented as causing displacement ofcetaceans from preferred habitats. If these impacts were of only short duration they would notnecessarily be significant. However, if these disturbances are repeated or are of long duration,they may cause stress, debilitation and ultimately mortality.Approach, as well as avoidance of a noise source, should be considered as disturbance, becausean animal has altered its natural behaviour (Moscrop and Swift 1999). Individuals have been seento directly approach and investigate loud sources of noise which may place them in greaterdanger.Yet, displacement from a key habitat could have profound effects. Disturbance and displacementreactions caused by shipping traffic, for example, may have a significant negative impact andperhaps particularly in discrete coastal populations. These animals are besieged by a variety of54
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
Page 8 and 9: In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
Page 10 and 11: its propagation beyond those declar
Page 12 and 13: The best evidence for noise being f
Page 14 and 15: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 16 and 17: Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
Page 18 and 19: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 20 and 21: 2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
Page 22 and 23: i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
Page 24 and 25: Spherical or Geometrical spreading
Page 28 and 29: 5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
Page 30 and 31: The source used during 3-D surveys
Page 32 and 33: Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
Page 34 and 35: Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
Page 36 and 37: 12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
Page 38 and 39: Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
Page 40 and 41: Results from the aerial surveys con
Page 42 and 43: haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
Page 44 and 45: However they also noted that whales
Page 46 and 47: 4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
Page 48 and 49: seems logical, therefore, that if t
Page 50 and 51: However, despite the reported low a
Page 52 and 53: Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
Page 56 and 57: anthropogenic factors that make the
Page 58 and 59: 5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
Page 60 and 61: 5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
Page 62 and 63: decompression sickness (DCS) as see
Page 64 and 65: 6. Examples of regional and nationa
Page 66 and 67: 6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
Page 68 and 69: implications and the discussion sho
Page 70 and 71: 7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
Page 72 and 73: acoustic measurements have been mad
Page 74 and 75: 7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
Page 76 and 77: 7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
Page 78 and 79: Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
Page 80 and 81: 8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
Page 82 and 83: Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
Page 84 and 85: Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
Page 86 and 87: IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
Page 88 and 89: McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
Page 90 and 91: Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
Page 92 and 93: Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 94 and 95: Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
Page 98 and 99: an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 100 and 101: in the preparatory work of the LOSC
Page 102 and 103: practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
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ConclusionAt the global level, only
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Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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No State Party may impose condition
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coastal States”. This formulation
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If the IMO makes this determination
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estrictions to vessels operating in
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In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
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Appendix A - Some international ins
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Convention for the Protection of th
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Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
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BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
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environment1. The Contracting Parti
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- that under Article III.8.c) of AC
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e) no sudden or repeated change in
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Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
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Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
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• Vaquita surfacing duration and
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• 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
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Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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• Humpback whales appeared tolera
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• Behaviour interpreted as aggres
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• There was no evidence of minke
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• Northern right whales may be ap
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• Migrating gray whales disturbed
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to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
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distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 164 and 165:
Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
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Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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