Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked whales off the Pacific coast of Japan where these whaleswere hunted and have mass stranded.B. Recommendations relating to Mitigation and Monitoring of Seismic Operations.1. effort be expended on the global identification and monitoring of critical habitats forcetaceans. (For example, important areas for breeding, calving and feeding.)2. access be given to information on timing, distribution, extent (nautical miles orkilometres for 2D surveys, or square nautical miles or square kilometres for 3D surveys),sound source and sound source characteristics for past and planned seismic surveyscarried out within the range of critical habitats or potential critical habitats;3. descriptions and results of nay marine mammal observer programmes or other faunalobservation programs carried out in conjunction with previous seismic surveys areprovided;4. the continuous acoustic monitoring of critical habitats on sufficient temporal and spatialscales in relation to pre- and post-seismic activity;5. the independent monitoring of critical habitats (from survey vessel and independentplatforms) to evaluate displacement from critical habitat and/or disruption of importantcetacean behaviours in the critical habitat;6. increased effort to monitor standings that occur at times and in places were seismic isconducted;7. that seismic operators seek to mitigate their potential impacts (e.g. to reduce the power oftheir sources).In addition, the Scientific Committee ‘strongly recommended:1. the current protection afforded to the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, should be made permanent,due to its vital importance as a breeding ground for humpback whales in the westernSouth Atlantic Ocean (changes in humpback distribution and an increase in strandingswere correlated with seismic testing in this important breeding area in 2002);2. all seismic surveys in areas that could have significant adverse demographicconsequences for large whales should be planned so as to be out of phase with thepresence of whales;3. in cases when seismic survey do occur in a critical habitat (e.g. western gray whalefeeding area off Sakhalin Island), additional guidelines for seismic surveys andindependent scientific monitoring should be developed, and a strict monitoring andmitigation programme should be implemented – this should include independent andhighly experienced shipboard marine observers and a monitoring system and platformthat are independent of the seismic source vessel and the seismic support vessels;4. in situations when displacement of whales could have significant demographicconsequences, seismic surveys should be stopped.C. General Recommendations Relating to Anthropogenic Noise.1. The convening of a workshop on the impacts of seismic exploration (including bothindustrial and academic activities) at its 2006 meeting;2. the integration and coordination of international research projects to study and describeacoustic ecologies;3. the establishment of a working group to derive a series of hypothesises to test forsynergistic impacts on cetaceans;167
4. the inclusion of anthropogenic noise assessments and noise exposure standards within theframework of national and international ocean conservation plans (e.g. considerationduring designation of critical habitats, marine protected areas and ocean zoning);5. support for multinational programmes to monitor ocean noise (e.g. IOOS the IntegratedOcean Observing System 130 ) and the development of basin-scale, regional and local-scaleunderwater noise budgetsIWC 2004. Report of the Scientific Committee IWC/56/Rep 1: 43-45.130 See http://www.openioos.org/168
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
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ConclusionAt the global level, only
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Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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No State Party may impose condition
Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
Page 144 and 145: • Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
Page 150 and 151: • Humpback whales appeared tolera
Page 152 and 153: • Behaviour interpreted as aggres
Page 154 and 155: • There was no evidence of minke
Page 156 and 157: • Northern right whales may be ap
Page 158 and 159: • Migrating gray whales disturbed
Page 160 and 161: to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
Page 162 and 163: distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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