Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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• 6% of small delphinids (n=264; pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata; clymenedolphin, Stenella clymene; spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris; striped dolphin, Stenellacoeruleoalba; rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis; melon-headed whale,Peponocephala electra; Fraser’s dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei) showed avoidance reactions,but 90 % of small delphinids approached or bowrode the survey vessel.• 33% of striped dolphins moved to avoid the survey ship.• 91% of Atlantic spotted dolphin (n=22; Stenella frontalis) demonstrated positive responsestowards the survey vessel (attracted towards/bowrode the ship).• 88% of bottlenose dolphin (n=88; Tursiops truncatus) groups displayed positive reactionstowards the survey vessel.• For all cetacean species, animals that were “resting” or “milling” showed greatestsusceptibility to disturbance.Ref: Würsig et al. 1998.Species type: Indian humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbeaLocation: Algoa Bay, South Africa• Indian humpback dolphins, Sousa plumbea, appeared to be highly susceptible to disturbanceby inshore boat traffic.• The behaviour of Indian humpback dolphins in Algoa Bay, South Africa, was not affected bythe presence of bathers or surfboats. However, powerboats did cause changes in behaviourand when these vessels were present avoidance reactions were observed by the dolphins in95.3% of occasions.• Females with calves were also observed forming alliances with other females when disturbedby boat traffic, the females interposing themselves between the approaching boat and calvesin a protective fashion.• On numerous occasions animals were seen actively avoiding vessels.• Areas most heavily used by inshore boat traffic were seldom visited by humpback dolphins.• Recommended that the behavioural responses of humpback dolphins to powerboat traffic bemonitored, in particular the effect of vessel and engine size, underwater noise production andnature of vessel approach.• Also recommended a comparison of boat noise with dolphin and dolphin prey speciesacoustics to determine if acoustic interference occurs.Ref: Karczmarski et al. 1997, 1998.Species type: Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchusLocation: Canary Islands• Significantly longer dive times were recorded from pilot whales in response to the presenceof whale-watching vessels.• Inter-animal distances also decreased as a response to whale-watching vessels.• Incidences of behaviour associated with aggression also increased during these periods.Ref: Heimlich-Boran et al. 1994.Species type: Northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus145
Location: Northwest Atlantic• Northern bottlenose whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus, frequently approach stationary or slowmoving vessels.• The whales may also circle and stay in close proximity of vessels for more than an hour.Ref: Reeves et al. 1993.Species type: Ganges River dolphin, Platanista gangeticaLocation: River Ganges, Nepal• Ganges River dolphin, Platanista gangetica, did not display changed behaviour in thepresence of rowing boats or canoes.• River dolphins did, however, avoid areas where motorised ferries were active.Ref: Smith 1993.Species type: Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalusLocation: Kaikoura, New Zealand• Sperm whales demonstrated avoidance behaviour to commercial whale-watching vessels at adistance of 2km.Ref: Cawthorn 1992.Species type: Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalusLocation: Kaikoura, New Zealand• Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, behaviour altered in close proximity to whalewatchingvessels: surface durations were reduced and respiration rate increased.• Frequency of dives without flukes being raised also increased.• Vocalisations were not affected by the presence of boats.• Some whales appeared to be tolerant of the presence of boats and remained in the area despiterepeated boat encounters.Ref: Gordon et al. 1992.Species type: Killer whale, Orcinus orcaLocation: British Columbia, Canada.• Killer whales, Orcinus orca, in Johnstone Strait did not display obvious avoidance reactionsto boat traffic within 400m of the animals.• Although they did not exhibit obvious avoidance reactions to boats, killer whales swam fasterand moved to less confined waters.• Swimming speeds adopted by these whales were not linked to engine type or boat size.Ref: Kruse 1991.146
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
Page 98 and 99: an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
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Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
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Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
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Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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