distribution <strong>of</strong> humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawaii. Marine Mammal CommissionReport No. MMC-86/06. 35pp.Goodyear, J. 1989. Feeding ecology, night behaviour, <strong>and</strong> vessel collision risk <strong>of</strong> Bay <strong>of</strong> Fundy rightwhales. In Abstracts <strong>of</strong> the 8 th Biennial Conference on the Biology <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammals, December 1989,Pacific Grove, California. p. 23. <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammalogy, Pacific Grove, California. 81pp.(Abstract)Gordon, J., Leaper, R., Hartley, F.G. <strong>and</strong> Chappell, O. 1992. Effects <strong>of</strong> whale-watching vessels on thesurface <strong>and</strong> underwater acoustic behaviour <strong>of</strong> sperm whales <strong>of</strong>f Kaikoura, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. Science <strong>and</strong>Research Services Series No. 52. Wellington, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>: New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong>.64pp.Green, M.L. 1990. The impact <strong>of</strong> parasail boats on the Hawaiian humpback whale, Megapteranovaeangliae. Paper presented at the Marine Mammal Commission Hearings, March 1990, Honolulu,Hawaii. 11pp.Green, M.L. <strong>and</strong> Green, R.G. 1990. Short-term impact <strong>of</strong> vessel traffic on the Hawaiian humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting <strong>of</strong> the Animal Behavior <strong>Society</strong>, June1990, Buffalo, New York. 9pp.Gregory, P.R. <strong>and</strong> Rowden, A.A. 2001. Behaviour patterns <strong>of</strong> bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatusrelative to tidal state, time <strong>of</strong> day, <strong>and</strong> boat traffic in Cardigan Bay, West Wales. Aquatic Mammals 27:105-113.Heimlich-Boran, J.R., Heimlich-Boran, S.L., Montero, R. <strong>and</strong> Martin, V. 1994. An overview <strong>of</strong> whalewatchingin the Canary Isl<strong>and</strong>s. European Cetacean <strong>Society</strong> Newsletter 21.Hubbs, C.L. 1965. Data on speed <strong>and</strong> underwater exhalation <strong>of</strong> a humpback whale accompanying ships.Hvalrådets Skr. 48: 42-44.Hubbs, C.L. <strong>and</strong> Hubbs, L.C. 1967. Gray whale censuses by airplane in Mexico. California Fish <strong>and</strong> Game53: 23-27.Janik, V.M. <strong>and</strong> Thompson, P.M. 1996. Changes in surfacing patterns <strong>of</strong> bottlenose dolphins in response toboat traffic. Marine Mammal Science 12: 597-602.Jefferson, T.A., Stacey, P.J. <strong>and</strong> Baird, R.W. 1991. A review <strong>of</strong> killer whale interactions with other marinemammals: predation <strong>and</strong> co-existence. Mammal Review 151-180.Johnson, S.R.L. 1983. Assessment <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> oil on Arctic marine fish <strong>and</strong> marine mammals.Canadian Technical Reports <strong>of</strong> fisheries <strong>and</strong> Aquatic Sciences 12.00. November 1983. Report for theArctic Research Directors Committee <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oceans</strong>.Karczmarski, L., Thornton, M. <strong>and</strong> Cockcr<strong>of</strong>t, V.G. 1997. Description <strong>of</strong> selected behaviours <strong>of</strong>humpbacked dolphins, Sousa chinensis. Aquatic Mammals 23: 127-133.Karczmarski, L., Cockcr<strong>of</strong>t, V.G., McLachlan, A. <strong>and</strong> Winter, P.E.D. 1998. Recommendations for theconservation <strong>and</strong> management <strong>of</strong> humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in the Algoa Bay region, SouthAfrica. Koedoe 41: 121-129.Kaufman, G. <strong>and</strong> Wood, K. 1981. Effects <strong>of</strong> boat traffic, air traffic <strong>and</strong> military activity on Hawaiianhumpback whales. In Abstracts <strong>of</strong> the 4 th Biennial Conference on the Biology <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammals,December 1981, San Francisco. p. 67. <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammalogy, San Francisco. (Abstract).161
Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A. <strong>and</strong> Ivashin, M.V. 1986. Records <strong>of</strong> bowhead <strong>and</strong> gray whales inearly winter in the Bering Sea. Reports <strong>of</strong> the International Whaling Commission 36: 291-292.Kruse, S. 1991.The interactions between killer whales <strong>and</strong> boats in Johnstone Strait, B.C. In <strong>Dolphin</strong>Societies, Discoveries <strong>and</strong> Puzzles. (ed. K. Pryor <strong>and</strong> K.S. Norris), 149-59. Berkeley: University <strong>of</strong>California Press. 397pp.Leatherwood, S., Reeves, R.R., Hill, C.L. <strong>and</strong> Würsig, B. 1991. Observations <strong>of</strong> river dolphins in theAmazon <strong>and</strong> Maranon rivers <strong>and</strong> tributaries, Peru. March, June <strong>and</strong> July 1991. In Abstracts <strong>of</strong> the 9 thBiennial Conference on the Biology <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammals, Chicago, Illinois, December 1991. p. 42.Chicago, Illinois: <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> Marine Mammalogy. 76pp. (Abstract)Lesage, V., Barrette, C., Kingsley, M.C.S. <strong>and</strong> Sjare, B. 1999. The affect <strong>of</strong> vessel <strong>noise</strong> on the vocalbehavior <strong>of</strong> belugas in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 15: 65-84.McCauley, R. D. <strong>and</strong> Cato, D. H. 2001. The underwater <strong>noise</strong> <strong>of</strong> vessels in the Hervey Bay (Queensl<strong>and</strong>)whale watch fleet <strong>and</strong> its impact on humpback whales. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109: 2455.Miles, P.R., Malme, C.I. <strong>and</strong> Richardson, W.J. 1987. Prediction <strong>of</strong> drilling site-specific interaction <strong>of</strong>industrial acoustic stimuli <strong>and</strong> endangered whales in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. OCS Study MMS 87-0084. BBN Report No. 6509. BBN Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 341pp.Nishiwaki, M. <strong>and</strong> Sasao, A. 1977. Human activities disturbing the natural migration routes <strong>of</strong> whales.Scientific Reports <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Whale</strong>s Research Institute, Tokyo 29: 113-120.Norris, T.F. 1994. Effects <strong>of</strong> boat <strong>noise</strong> on the acoustic behavior <strong>of</strong> humpback whales. Journal <strong>of</strong> theAcoustical <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> America 43: 383-384.Nowacek, S.M., Wells, R.S. <strong>and</strong> Solow, A.R. 2001. Short-term effects <strong>of</strong> boat traffic on bottlenosedolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 17: 673-688.Olesiuk, P.F., Nichol, L.M., Sowden, P.J. <strong>and</strong> Ford, J.K.B. 1995. Effects <strong>of</strong> Sounds Generated by anAcoustic Deterrent Device on the Abundance <strong>and</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)in Retreat Passage, British Columbia. Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oceans</strong>, Pacific Biological Station,Nanimo, B.C.Payne, K.B., Tyack, P. <strong>and</strong> Payne, R.S. 1983. Progressive changes in the songs <strong>of</strong> humpback whales(Megaptera novaeangliae). In Communication <strong>and</strong> Behavior <strong>of</strong> <strong>Whale</strong>s (ed. R. Payne), pp. 9-57. AAASSelected Symposium 76. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Payne, R. 1978. Behavior <strong>and</strong> vocalizations <strong>of</strong> humpback whales (Megaptera sp.). In Report on aWorkshop on Problems Related to Humpback <strong>Whale</strong>s, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawaii. NTIS PB-280794. MMC-77/03. (ed. K.S. Norris <strong>and</strong> R.R. Reeves), pp. 89-90. Makapuu Pt., Hawaii: Sealife Inc.90pp.Polacheck, T. <strong>and</strong> Thorpe, L. 1990. The swimming direction <strong>of</strong> harbour porpoise in relation to a surveyvessel. Reports <strong>of</strong> the International Whaling Commission 40: 463-470.Reeves, R.R., Mitchell, E. <strong>and</strong> Whitehead, H. 1993. Status <strong>of</strong> the northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodonampullatus. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107: 490-508.Reeves, R.R. 1977. The problem <strong>of</strong> gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), harassment: at the breedinglagoons <strong>and</strong> during migration. MMC-76/06. NTIS PB-272506. US Marine Mammal Commission,Washington, DC. 60pp.Richardson, W.J. 1995. Documented disturbance reactions. In Marine Mammals <strong>and</strong> Noise (ed. W.J.162
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its propagation beyond those declar
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
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