Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noise sources in the sea and the impact for those who live there. Unpublished report. 13pages.Radcliffe, H.L., Luginbuhl, H., Schnarr, W.R. and Chacko, K. 1969. Coronary arteriosclerosis in swine: evidence of arelation in behaviour. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 68: 385-398.Rendell, L.E. and Gordon, J.C.D. 1999. Vocal responses of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) to militarysonar in the Ligurian Sea. Marine Mammal Science 15: 198-204.Richardson, W. J. 2000. Needed research concerning airgun effects on marine mammals. Presented at ERCHconference. 2 pages.Richardson, W.J. (ed.) 1999. Marine mammal and acoustical monitoring of Western Geophysical’s open-water seismicprogram in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1998. LGL Rep. TA2230-3. Rep. From LGL Ltd., King City, Ont, andGreeneridge Sciences Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, for Western Geophysical, Houston, TX, and NMFS., Anchorage, AK,and Silver Spring, MD. 390 p.Richardson, W. J. 1997. Marine Mammals and Man-made Noise: Current Issues. Proceedings of the Institute ofAcoustics 19(9): 39-50.Richardson, W. J. and Würsig, B. 1997. Influences of man-made noise and other human actions on cetacean behaviour.Mar. Fresh. Behav. Physiol. 29: 183-209.Richardson, W.J. 1995. Documented disturbance reactions. In Marine Mammals and Noise (ed. W.J. Richardson, C.R.Greene, C.I. Malme and D.H. Thomson), pp. 241-324. Academic Press, San Diego. 576p.Richardson, W.J., Fraker, M.A., Würsig, B. and Wells, R.S. 1985a. Behavior of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus,summering in the Beaufort Sea: reactions to industrial activities. Biological Conservation 32: 195-230.Richardson, W.J., Wells, R.S. and Würsig, B. 1985b. Disturbance responses of bowheads and industrial activity, 1980-84. In Behavior, disturbance responses and distribution of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in the easternBeaufort Sea, 1980-84 (ed. W.J. Richardson), pp. 255-301. OCS Study MMS 85-0034. LGL Ecological ResearchAssociates Inc., Bryan, Texas. 306pp.Richardson, W.J., Greene, C.R. Jnr, Malme, C.I., and Thomson, D.H., with Moore, S.E. and Würsig, B. 1991. Effectsof noise on marine mammals. OCS Study MMS 90-0093. Report form LGL Ecological Research Associates Inc.,Bryan, Texas.Richardson, W.J., Greene, C.R., Mame, C.I. and Thomson, D.H. 1995. Marine Mammals and Noise. Academic PressInc, San Diego, USA.Ridgway, S.H. 1986. Physiological observations on dolphin brains. In Dolphin Cognition and Behaviour: AComparative Approach (ed. R. Shusterman, J. Thomas and F. Wood), pp. 31-59. Plenum Press, New York.Ridgway, S.H. and Carder, D.A. 2001. Assessing hearing and sound production in cetaceans not available forbehavioral audiograms: experiences with sperm, pygmy sperm, and gray whales. Aquatic Mammals 27: 267-276.Ridgway, S., Carder, D., Smith, R., Kamolnick, T. and Elsberry, W. 1997. First audiogram for marine mammals in theopen ocean and at depth: hearing and whistling by two white whales down to 30 atmospheres. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 101: 3136.Roberts, S. P. and Wieting, D. S. 2001. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Endangered Species ACT (ESA)regulations for marine mammal nonfishery interactions. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol.110, No.5, Pt.2. p. 2710.Roberts, S. P. and Hollingshead, K. 2002. Marine Mammal Regulatory Issues and the Explosive Removal of OffshoreStructures: The Small Take Authorization Program.Ross, D. 1976. Mechanics of underwater noise. New York: Pergamon Press. 375pp.Santoro, A.K., Marten, K.L. and Cranford, T.W. 1989. Pygmy sperm whale sounds Kogia breviceps. In Abstracts of the8 th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Pacific Grove, California, December 1989. p 159. Societyof Marine Mammalogy, Pacific Grove, California.89
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
Page 40 and 41: Results from the aerial surveys con
Page 42 and 43: haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
Page 44 and 45: However they also noted that whales
Page 46 and 47: 4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
Page 48 and 49: seems logical, therefore, that if t
Page 50 and 51: However, despite the reported low a
Page 52 and 53: Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
Page 54 and 55: SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
Page 56 and 57: anthropogenic factors that make the
Page 58 and 59: 5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
Page 60 and 61: 5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
Page 62 and 63: decompression sickness (DCS) as see
Page 64 and 65: 6. Examples of regional and nationa
Page 66 and 67: 6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
Page 68 and 69: implications and the discussion sho
Page 70 and 71: 7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
Page 72 and 73: acoustic measurements have been mad
Page 74 and 75: 7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
Page 76 and 77: 7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
Page 78 and 79: Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
Page 80 and 81: 8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
Page 82 and 83: Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
Page 84 and 85: Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
Page 86 and 87: IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
Page 88 and 89: McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
Page 92 and 93: Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
Page 94 and 95: Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
Page 98 and 99: an important factor. 13 The judgeme
Page 100 and 101: in the preparatory work of the LOSC
Page 102 and 103: practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
Page 104 and 105: protection and preservation of the
Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
Page 108 and 109: Four of the twelve regional seas tr
Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
Page 116 and 117: No State Party may impose condition
Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
Page 120 and 121: If the IMO makes this determination
Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
Page 124 and 125: In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
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Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
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Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
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• Vaquita surfacing duration and
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• 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
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Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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• Humpback whales appeared tolera
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• Behaviour interpreted as aggres
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• There was no evidence of minke
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• Northern right whales may be ap
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• Migrating gray whales disturbed
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to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
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distribution of humpback whales, Me
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Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
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Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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