Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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• There was no evidence of minke whales approaching vessels travelling at survey speeds andsome avoidance behaviour was noted.Ref: Tillman and Donovan 1986.Species type: Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrataLocation: Tokyo Bay, Japan.• It was suggested that postwar decreases in minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata catchesin Tokyo Bay were the result of increased boat traffic and changes in the distribution of thesespecies. However, the declines may have been due to the impacts of commercial whalingcausing a decline in numbers of these whale species rather than effects of boat traffic.Ref: Nishiwaki and Sasao 1977.Bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetusLocation: Beaufort Sea• Bowhead whales avoiding boat traffic do so when receiving only relatively low levels ofvessel produced noise. A 13m diesel powered boat produced an avoidance reaction in abowhead whale with a received noise level of only 84 dB re µ1Pa. This received level was c.6dB above the ambient noise levelRef: Richardson 1995.Location: Beaufort Sea• Bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, exhibited various reactions, including changes ofobserved behaviour and alteration of diving and respiratory behaviour, when approached by avariety of vessel types.• Bowhead whales 0.5km to the side or behind a vessel seemed unaffected and on occasionsapproached within 100-500m of the vessel when the vessel was not manoeuvring towards thewhales.• These whales tolerated broadband noise levels of up to 110-115dB re µ1Pa.• It was suggested that bowhead whales actively engaged in mating/social behaviour may beless responsive to boat traffic.• One radio-tagged bowhead whale was approached by a small boat for a period of three days.Dive times were reduced when the boat approached within 500m for a period of 90-150minutes. For a period of three days after the approaches by the small boat, diving behaviourreturned to normal and the whale remained in the general area that the vessel was operatingin.Ref: Wartzok et al. 1989.153
Location: Beaufort Sea• Aversion behaviour was exhibited by bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, when exposed toshipping vessel noise 6-13dB above ambient noise levels.Ref: Miles et al. 1987.Location: Bering Sea• Bowhead whales in the Bering Sea exhibited negative responses and moved away fromvessels approaching to within 0.4-0.6km of the whales.Ref: Kibal’chich et al. 1986.Location: Beaufort Sea• Bowhead whales exhibited avoidance reactions when vessels approached within 0.8-3.4 km.• The whales demonstrated shorter dive and surface times as the result of the presence ofshipping.• Initially the whales increased speed, presumably attempting to outpace an oncoming vessel,then altered course and swam away from the vessel’s course line.• Subtle changes in surfacing and blow durations and frequencies were noted as the result ofthe sounds produced by idling diesel engines 3-4km away.• Whale groups became scattered, with the inter-animal distance increasing from 7.5 (c. 110m)to 37 (c. 0.6km) whale lengths.Ref: Richardson et al. 1985a, 1985b.Right whales, Eubalaena spp.Species type: Southern right whale, Eubalaena australisLocation: Australia• Southern right whale mothers interposed themselves between their calves and boat traffic inAustralian calving grounds.Ref: Ulmann 1995.Species type: Northern right whale, Eubalaena glacialisLocation: Bay of Fundy, Canada154
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
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Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
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Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
Page 144 and 145: • Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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