Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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• Migrating gray whales disturbed by vessels exhale under water, only exposing theirblowholes to inhale. This behaviour is also observed when animals are threatened by thepresence of killer whales.Ref: Hubbs 1965; Hubbs and Hubbs 1967.Location: East Pacific• During a gray whale migration, whales changed their course at a distance of 200-300m toavoid boat vessels in their path.Ref: Wyrick 1954.Fin whales, Balaenoptera physalusLocation: Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA• Fin whales displayed reduced inter-surfacing and dive intervals and fewer exhalations persurfacing when boat traffic was nearby.Ref: Young 1989; Stone et al. 1992.Location: St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada• Fin whales changed direction to avoid shipping traffic at distances of 1km or greater.• In addition the whales increased their swimming speed and the dive duration.• Reactions were stronger when the shipping traffic made sudden changes in speed of direction.Ref: Edds and MacFarlane 1987.Location: Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA• Fin whales reacted strongly to boats producing noise levels of a similar frequency to thoseused by the fin whales (15-100Hz).Ref: Watkins 1986.Location: Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA• Fin whales ignored whale-watching boats that remained more than 100m away.• If boats approached slowly at a steady speed no reaction was noted by fin whales.157
• If boats changed their speed or course rapidly or put their engine into reverse the whalesavoided the boats.Ref: Watkins 1981b; Watkins et al. 1981.Other Mysticete cetaceansSpecies type:Location:Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculusSt. Lawrence Estuary, Canada• Blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, changed direction to avoid shipping traffic.• Surfacing and respiration patterns were generally not affected, however, when boatsapproached close to whales, diving behaviour became erratic and inter-surfacing intervalsdecreased.• Reactions were stronger when the shipping traffic made sudden changes in speed of direction.Ref: Edds and MacFarlane 1987.Species type: Bryde’s whale, Balaenoptera edeniLocation: Peru• Bryde’s whales were reported to approach slow moving or stationary vessels.• The whales did not approach vessels travelling at survey speeds however.Ref: Tillman and Donovan 1986.Species type: Bryde’s whale, Balaenoptera edeniLocation: Gulf of California• Bryde’s whales actively approached moving research vessels.Ref: Cummings et al. 1986.Species type: Bryde’s whale, Balaenoptera edeniLocation: East Pacific• Bryde’s whales did not show any response to a boat approaching slowly at a steady speed.Ref: Watkins 1981a.ReferencesAcevedo, A. 1991. Interactions between boats and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the entrance158
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
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Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
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Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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Page 162 and 163: distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 164 and 165: Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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