Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensisTucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilisLocation: Amazon river, Peru• Boto, Inia geoffrensis, and Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis, demonstrated avoidance reactions andwere temporarily displaced by boats.Ref: Leatherwood et al. 1991.Species type: Black dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropicaLocation: Chile• Chilean Black dolphins, Cephalorhynchus eutropica, tended to avoid boat traffic. However,on some occasions animals would approach vessels.Ref: Crovetto and Medina 1991.Species type: Narwhal, Monodon monocerosLocation: Arctic• Narwhals, reacting to the noise produced by a large vessel and an icebreaker ship, ceasedvocalising.• Reactions were, however, temporary and normal behaviour resumed even though receivedbroad-band noise levels were as high as 120 dB re 1µPa.• However, avoidance reactions were recorded by some animals and these could be displacedover considerable distances.Ref: Findley et al. 1990.Species type: Squid-eating cetaceansLocation: East Coast, USA.• Densities of squid-eating cetaceans were reduced in the Northwest Atlantic within severalkilometres of shipping vessels.Ref: Sorensen et al. 1984.Species type:Location:Striped dolphin, Stenella coeuruleoalbaSpotted dolphin: Stenella attenuataTropical Pacific Ocean• Striped and spotted dolphins approached by a research vessel tried to evade, increased theirswimming speed and the group became more densely packed, when the vessel came within200m147
• The dolphins started to display evasive manoeuvres when the boat was more than 11km fromthe group.Ref: Au and Perryman 1982.Species type: Baird’s beaked whale, Berardius bairdiiLocation: Tokyo Bay, Japan.• It was suggested that postwar decreases in Baird’s beaked whale, Berardius bairdii, catchesin Tokyo Bay were the result of increased boat traffic and changes in the distribution of thesespecies. However, the declines in numbers of this whale species may have been due to theimpacts of commercial whaling rather than to the effects of boat traffic.Ref: Nishiwaki and Sasao 1977.Species type: Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalusLocation: Whaling grounds• Sperm whales in whaling areas began to react to the presence of a vessel from a distance of15km.Ref: Gambell 1968.Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliaeLocation: Australia• As a rule of thumb, doubling the speed of a vessel doubled the range over which whalesdetected or first reacted to it?. The response was as much a function of the rate of change of noiseas its steady level.• Rapid increases in noise produced more responses.Ref: McCauley and Cato, 2001.Location: US• The acoustic profiles of several whale-watching boats and the responses of humpbackwhales to them were studied, with the loudest vessels producing the strongest reactionsfrom the whales.• Whilst they concluded that the noise caused by the whale-watching boats as long as theyobeyed the US “stand-off distance” of 91 m should not cause any harm to the auditorysystems of the whales they noted that “the ramifications of behavioural changes inducedby the presence of boats are open to assessment”.Ref: Au and Green 2000.Location: Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada.148
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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Page 100 and 101: in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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Page 106 and 107: than international rules, standards
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Page 110 and 111: seismic operations in the Protocol
Page 112 and 113: ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
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Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
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