Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme and D.H. Thomson), pp. 241-324. Academic Press, San Diego. 576p.Richardson, W.J., Fraker, M.A., Würsig, B. and Wells, R.S. 1985a. Behavior of bowhead whales, Balaenamysticetus, summering in the Beaufort Sea: reactions to industrial activities. Biological Conservation 32:195-230.Richardson, W.J., Wells, R.S. and Würsig, B. 1985b. Disturbance responses of bowheads and industrialactivity, 1980-84. In Behavior, disturbance responses and distribution of bowhead whales, Balaenamysticetus, in the eastern Beaufort Sea, 1980-84 (ed. W.J. Richardson), pp. 255-301. OCS Study MMS 85-0034. LGL Ecological Research Associates Inc., Bryan, Texas. 306pp.Richter, C. F., Dawson, S. M., Slooten, E. and Jaquet, N. 2001. Behavioural differences in responses towhale watching vessels by resident and transient male sperm whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand. 14thBiennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Vancouver, BC.Robinson, N.H. 1979. Recent records of southern right whales in New South Wales. Victorian Naturalist96: 168-169.Saayman, G.S. and Tayler, C.K. 1973. Some behaviour patterns of the southern right whale, Eubalaenaaustralis. Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde 38: 172-183.Scarpaci, C., Bigger, S.W., Corkeron, P.J. and Nugegoda, D. 2000. Bottlenose dolphins, Tursiopstruncatus, increase whistling in the presence of ‘swim-with-dolphin’ tour operations. Journal of CetaceanResearch and Management 2: 183-185.Schilling, M.R., Weinrich, M.T. and Ledder, T.L. 1989. Reaction of humpback whales to vessel approachesin New England waters. In Abstracts of the 8 th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals,December 1989, Pacific Grove, California. p. 60. Society of Marine Mammalogy, Pacific Grove,California. (Abstract)Shane, S. H., Wells, R. S. and Wursig, B. 1986. Ecology, behavior and social organisation of the bottlenosedolphin – a review. Marine Mammal Science 2: 34-63.Shrimpton, J.H. 2001. The impacts of fish-farming on the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust, Mull. 21pp.Silber, G.K., Newcomer, M.W. and Barros, G.J. 1988. Observations on the behavior and ventilation cyclesof the vaquita, Phocoena sinus. Marine Mammal Science 4: 62-67.Smith, B.D. 1993. 1990 status and conservation of the Ganges river dolphin Platanista gangetica in theKarnali River, Nepal. Biological Conservation 66: 159-169.Sorensen, P.W., Medved, R.J., Hyman, M. and Winn, H.E. 1984. Distribution and abundance of cetaceansin the vicinity of human activities along the continental shelf of the NW Atlantic. Marine EnvironmentalResearch 12: 69-81.Stewart, B.S., Evans, W.E. and Awbrey, F.T. 1982. Effects of man-made water-borne noise on thebehaviour of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, in Bristol Bay, Alaska. HSWRI Technical Report 82-145. Report to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, Alaska. San Diego,California: Hubbs/Sea World Research Institute. 29pp.Stewart, B.S., Awbrey, F.T. and Evans, W.E. 1983. Belukha whale, (Delphinapterus leucas), responses toindustrial noise in Nushagak Bay, Alaska: 1983. NOAA/OCSEAP, Environmental Assessment, AlsakanContinental Shelf, Final Report, pp. 587-616. NOAA/OCSEAP. 702pp.Stone, G.S., Katona, S.K., Mainwaring, A., Allen, J.M. and Corbett, H.D. 1992. Respiration and surfacing163
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Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
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In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
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its propagation beyond those declar
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The best evidence for noise being f
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
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i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
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Spherical or Geometrical spreading
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5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
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The source used during 3-D surveys
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Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
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Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
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12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
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Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
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Results from the aerial surveys con
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haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
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However they also noted that whales
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4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
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seems logical, therefore, that if t
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However, despite the reported low a
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Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
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SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
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anthropogenic factors that make the
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5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
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5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
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decompression sickness (DCS) as see
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6. Examples of regional and nationa
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6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
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implications and the discussion sho
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7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
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acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
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ConclusionAt the global level, only
Page 114 and 115: Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
Page 116 and 117: No State Party may impose condition
Page 118 and 119: coastal States”. This formulation
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Page 122 and 123: estrictions to vessels operating in
Page 124 and 125: In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
Page 126 and 127: Appendix A - Some international ins
Page 128 and 129: Convention for the Protection of th
Page 130 and 131: Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
Page 132 and 133: BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
Page 134 and 135: environment1. The Contracting Parti
Page 136 and 137: - that under Article III.8.c) of AC
Page 138 and 139: e) no sudden or repeated change in
Page 140 and 141: Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
Page 142 and 143: Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
Page 144 and 145: • Vaquita surfacing duration and
Page 146 and 147: • 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
Page 148 and 149: Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
Page 150 and 151: • Humpback whales appeared tolera
Page 152 and 153: • Behaviour interpreted as aggres
Page 154 and 155: • There was no evidence of minke
Page 156 and 157: • Northern right whales may be ap
Page 158 and 159: • Migrating gray whales disturbed
Page 160 and 161: to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
Page 162 and 163: distribution of humpback whales, Me
Page 166 and 167: Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
Page 168 and 169: 6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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