PACIFIC WORLD - The Institute of Buddhist Studies

242Pacific Worlddevastated by newly established burdensome land taxes, unstable riceprices, and bad harvests. “Between 1883 and 1890, 370,000 peasants losttheir lands because they were unable to pay taxes.” 19 As a result, twentyeightthousand people had volunteered in response to the initial Hawaiirecruitment, a staggering figure in view of the fact that the Japanesegovernment had expected only six hundred applicants. 20Most of these men came from the peasant classes from Hiroshima,Yamaguchi, and Kumamoto prefectures. This area of Japan was knownas the “stronghold” of Shinsh¥ Buddhism. As a result, when Buddhistpriests and temples came to Hawaii, Shinsh¥ was the strongest. Someargued that it possessed “almost dominating power among the Buddhistsof these islands.” 21The immigrants lived in Japanese camps outside or on the plantations.The work on the plantations was brutally hard. Life outside of work wasunorganized and chaotic. With little spending money and a male to femaleratio of 5:1, morale was low and gambling and alcohol abuse high. Sanitationand living conditions were deplorable. In addition, with long, exhaustingworking conditions, alcohol, and humid weather, many workers fell illor died. “Except for all-night weekend gambling sessions arranged foryoung men by Japanese gangsters from Honolulu, the Japanese plantationlaborers had little occasion to engage in boisterous recreation. O-shogatsu, the Obon festival in midsummer, the Emperor’s birthday inearly November, and family weddings and funerals were among thefew events that broke the monotonous routine of the daily lives of theJapanese plantation workers.” 22Initially, the immigrants did not need to have shrines or temples. Manyeven found it easier to just concentrate on what they found around them,worshipping as they saw. While in Hawaii, they focused on their surroundings,such as the sun and nature. “The sun [gave] them the light which [was]essential to their existence. The sun [took] care of the crops. They [said] thatthe pious men and women [worshipped] the sun at the sunrise to ask for hisday’s blessing and [worshipped] the sunset to give him thanks for his days’protection.” 23 The native Hawaiian religion easily identified with Shintøbecause it also placed an emphasis on nature and spirits. However, whenbeliefs dealing with the “non-visible” spirits of the ancestors arose, somethinghad to be created. Concrete items like the butsudan became necessary.Shintø and Buddhism differed in this respect. Since Buddhismplaced its emphasis on future salvation rather than the comfort andhappiness of the everyday honored by Shintø, the two could co-existrather easily in Hawaii.When any tradition enters a country, it is met with several reactions. Itcan be embraced by those who wanted it to come, reviled by those whoopposed its power potential or feared its sweep, or treated with indifference.For the Kingdom of Hawaii, all three reactions were felt when