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Margin 199So clear the flareThat first lit meTo seizeHer whom my soul believes;If cadSneaks,Blabs, slanders, my joyCounts little feeBaitsAnd their hates.I scorn their perkAnd preen, at ease.DisburseCan she, and wakeSuch firm delights, that IAm hers, froth, leesBigod! from toe to earring.(ibid.:161, 163)Flimsy another’s joy, false and distort,No paregale that she springs not above. […]Her love-touch by none other mensurate.To have it not? Alas! Though the pains biteDeep, torture is but galzeardy and dance,For in my thought my lust hath touched his aim.God! Shall I get no more! No fact to best it!(ibid.:179, 181)Pound saw these as interpretive translations that highlightedthe elaborate stanzaic forms of the Provençal texts, mimickingtheir rhythms and sound effects. But he also knew that bydoing so his translations ran counter to literary values thatprevailed in modern European languages like English andFrench. In the essay on Daniel, he apologized for hisdeviations:in extenuation of the language of my verses, I would point outthat the Provençals were not constrained by the modernliterary sense. Their restraints were the tune and rhymescheme,they were not constrained by a need for certainqualities of writing, without which no modern poem is
200 The Translator’s Invisibilitycomplete or satisfactory. They were not competing with DeMaupassant’s prose.(Pound 1954:115)The mention of De Maupassant indicates that Pound’s translationscould signify the difference of Daniel’s musical prosody only bychallenging the transparent discourse that dominates “the modernliterary sense,” most conspicuously in realistic fiction. To mimic anarchaic verse form, Pound developed a discursive heterogeneity thatrefused fluency, privileging the signifier over the signified, risking notjust the unidiomatic, but the unintelligible. In a 1922 letter to FelixSchelling, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania who taughtPound English literature and unfavorably reviewed his Danieltranslations, Pound cited the cultural remoteness of troubadour poetryas “the reason for the archaic dialect”: “the Provençal feeling is archaic,we are ages away from it” (Pound 1950:179). And Pound measured thisremoteness on a scale of current English-language values:I have proved that the Provençal rhyme schemes are not impossiblein English. They are probably inadvisable. The troubadour was notworried by our sense of style, our “literary values,” so he couldshovel in words in any order he liked. […] The troubadour,fortunately perhaps, was not worried about English order; he gotcertain musical effects because he cd. concentrate on music withoutbothering about literary values. He had a kind of freedom which weno longer have.(ibid.)Pound’s translations signified the foreignness of the foreign text, notbecause they were faithful or accurate—he admitted that “if I havesucceeded in indicating some of the properties […] I have also let[others] go by the board” (Pound 1954:116)—but because they deviatedfrom domestic literary canons in English.Pound’s first versions of Cavalcanti’s poetry did in fact look alien tohis contemporaries. In a review of the Sonnets and Ballate that appearedin the English Poetry Review (1912), professor of Italian Arundel del Refound the translation defective and not entirely comprehensible,including the bilingual title: “The translation of the ‘Sonnets andBallate’—why not Sonetti e Ballate or Sonnets and Ballads?—show theauthor to be earnestly striving after a vital idea of which onesometimes catches a glimpse amidst the general tangle and disorder”
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ContentsGeneral editors’ prefaceP
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viiiGeneral editors’ prefaceconce
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xPreface and acknowledgementsMaule,
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xiiPreface and acknowledgements5 Ju
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Page 161 and 162: Chapter 4DissidenceThe fundamental
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Notes1 Invisibility1 These cultural
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316 Notesnot so much “the immedia
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318 Notes2 Sheehan 1989:157-158 des
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320 Notes4 Dissidence1 My concept o
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322 NotesCavalcanti and Daniel vers
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BibliographyAbrams, M.H. (1953) The
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326 Bibliography—(1962) “The In
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328 Bibliography—(1969) Cronopios
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330 BibliographyFeldman, R. and Swa
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332 BibliographyHager, A. “Britis
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334 BibliographyLatham, W. (trans.)
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336 Bibliography—(1984b) Otherwis
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338 BibliographyParsons, A.E. (1929
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340 BibliographyRoss, A. (1989) No
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342 Bibliography—(1983b) British
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344 BibliographyZanzotto, A. (1975)
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346 IndexKennerbuch” 228-30; “T
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348 IndexEveryman’s Library 140Ex
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350 IndexMeleagros 209Mellor, A. 17
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352 IndexScheler, M. 303Schelling,
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