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Invisibility 15support this editorial policy (an advance for a predicted bestseller isnow in the millions of dollars) while limiting the number offinancially risky books, like translations (Whiteside 1981; Feldman1986). The London literary agent Paul Marsh confirms this trend byurging publishers to concentrate on selling translation rights insteadof buying them: “any book with four or five translation sales in thebag at an early stage stands a good chance of at least nine or 10 bythe end of the process” (Marsh 1991:27). Marsh adds that “mosttranslation rights deals are done for a modest return” (ibid.), but thefact is that British and American publishers routinely receivelucrative advances for these deals, even when a foreign publisher oragent pressures them to consider other kinds of income (viz.royalties). The Milan-based Antonella Antonelli is one such agent,although the figure she cites as an imprudent Italian investment inan English-language book—“If you pay a $200,000 advance, youcan’t make it back in Italy”—actually suggests how profitabletranslation rights can be for the publishers involved, foreign as wellas British and American (Lottman 1991:S6). The sale of Englishlanguagebooks abroad has also been profitable: in 1990, Americanbook exports amounted to more than $1.43 billion, with the export—import ratio at 61 to 39.The consequences of this trade imbalance are diverse and farreaching.By routinely translating large numbers of the most variedEnglish-language books, foreign publishers have exploited the globaldrift toward American political and economic hegemony in the postwarperiod, actively supporting the international expansion of Anglo-American culture. This trend has been reinforced by English-languagebook imports: the range of foreign countries receiving these books andthe various categories into which the books fall show not only theworldwide reach of English, but the depth of its presence in foreigncultures, circulating through the school, the library, the bookstore,determining diverse areas, disciplines, and constituencies—academicand religious, literary and technical, elite and popular, adult and child(see Table 2). British and American publishing, in turn, has reaped thefinancial benefits of successfully imposing Anglo-American culturalvalues on a vast foreign readership, while producing cultures in theUnited Kingdom and the United States that are aggressivelymonolingual, unreceptive to the foreign, accustomed to fluenttranslations that invisibly inscribe foreign texts with English-languagevalues and provide readers with the narcissistic experience ofrecognizing their own culture in a cultural other. The prevalence of fluent
16 The Translator’s InvisibilityTable 2 US book exports to major countries, 1990: shipments valuedat $ 2500 or moreSource: Grannis 1991, pp. 21 and 22domestication has supported these developments because of itseconomic value: enforced by editors, publishers, and reviewers, fluencyresults in translations that are eminently readable and thereforeconsumable on the book market, assisting in their commodification andinsuring the neglect of foreign texts and English-language translationdiscourses that are more resistant to easy readability.The translator’s invisibility can now be seen as a mystification oftroubling proportions, an amazingly successful concealment of the
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Page 6: ContentsGeneral editors’ prefaceP
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Page 11 and 12: xPreface and acknowledgementsMaule,
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Chapter 4DissidenceThe fundamental
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Notes1 Invisibility1 These cultural
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316 Notesnot so much “the immedia
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318 Notes2 Sheehan 1989:157-158 des
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320 Notes4 Dissidence1 My concept o
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322 NotesCavalcanti and Daniel vers
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BibliographyAbrams, M.H. (1953) The
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326 Bibliography—(1962) “The In
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328 Bibliography—(1969) Cronopios
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330 BibliographyFeldman, R. and Swa
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332 BibliographyHager, A. “Britis
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334 BibliographyLatham, W. (trans.)
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336 Bibliography—(1984b) Otherwis
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338 BibliographyParsons, A.E. (1929
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340 BibliographyRoss, A. (1989) No
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342 Bibliography—(1983b) British
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344 BibliographyZanzotto, A. (1975)
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346 IndexKennerbuch” 228-30; “T
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348 IndexEveryman’s Library 140Ex
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350 IndexMeleagros 209Mellor, A. 17
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352 IndexScheler, M. 303Schelling,
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