venuti

Notes 315Austin, 6 May 1965; Contract with Pantheon Books for the translation ofEnd of the Game and Other Stories, 4 June 1965; Amendment to Contractwith Pantheon Books, 12 May 1966; Letter to Claudio Campuzano, Inter-American Foundation for the Arts, 9 June 1966. Information concerningthe “poverty level” is drawn from the Statistical Abstract of the UnitedStates for the pertinent years.7 The 1969 translation rate is taken from the “manifesto” that concludes theproceedings from the landmark PEN conference held in 1970 (The Worldof Translation 1971:377). The 1979 rate is taken from my own work-for-hirecontract with Farrar, Straus & Giroux for the translation of BarbaraAlberti’s novel Delirium, 29 May 1979.8 British statistics are drawn from Whitaker’s Almanack, American statisticsfrom Publishers Weekly. I have also consulted the data in the United NationsStatistical Yearbook, UNESCO Basic Facts and Figures, UNESCO StatisticalYearbook, and An International Survey of Book Production during the LastDecades 1982.9 Schleiermacher’s theory, despite its stress on foreignizing translation, iscomplicated by the nationalist cultural program he wants Germantranslation to serve: see chapter 3, pp. 101–116.10 For the impact of poststructuralism on translation theory and practice,see, for example, Graham 1985, Benjamin 1989, Niranjana 1992, andVenuti 1992. Gentzler 1993: Chap. 6 surveys this movement.11 The same contradiction appears in Freud’s own reflections on thetherapeutic/hermeneutic dilemma of psychoanalysis in Beyond thePleasure Principle (1920):Twenty-five years of intense work have had as their result that theimmediate aims of psychoanalytic technique are other today than theywere at the outset. At first the analyzing physician could do no morethan discover the unconscious material that was concealed from thepatient, put it together, and, at the right moment, communicate it tohim. Psychoanalysis was then first and foremost an art of interpreting.Since this did not solve the therapeutic problem, a further aim quicklycame in view: to oblige the patient to confirm the analyst’s constructionfrom his own memory. In that endeavor the chief emphasis lay uponthe patient’s resistances: the art consisted now in uncovering these asquickly as possible, in pointing them out to the patient and in inducinghim by human influence—this was where suggestion operating as“transference” played its part—to abandon his resistances.(Freud 1961:12)Although Freud intends to draw a sharp distinction in the developmentof psychoanalysis between an early, hermeneutic phase and a later,therapeutic phase, his exposition really blurs the distinction: both phasesrequire a primary emphasis on interpretation, whether of “unconsciousmaterial” or of “the patient’s resistances,” which insofar as they require“uncovering” are likewise “unconscious”; in both “the analyst’sconstruction” can be said to be “first and foremost.” What has changed is