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CHAPTER 4Counting the cost 30Costing the right to health 30Costing the right to education 35Poverty and the right to food 37The cost of physical security 41Conclusion 43Appendix to Chapter 4Health and education costings 45Health costing 45Education costing 47CHAPTER 5Rethinking fiscal priorities 49Towards economic recovery 51The post-crisis fiscal environment 51Making room for spending on human development 52Social spending under fiscal decentralization 54A social sector fund - a means to protect social spending 55Conclusion 56CHAPTER 6A National Summit for human development 58Public expenditure and human development 58The regional dimension 59A National Summit for human development 61Conclusion 62Bibliography 63BOXES1.1 - Human and socio-economic rights in Indonesia's constitution 61.2 - Challenges of human development in Indonesia 82.1 - Applying the human development index in Indonesia 113.1 - Implications of the rights approach for policy makers 243.2 - Pathways to human development 253.3 - Why the government should finance the social sector 284.1 - Extending health facilities to remote areas 354.2 - Over 30% of elementary schools are falling apart 374.3 - Comparing the proposed costings with other poverty initiatives 445.1 - Budgetary outcomes as revealed public choice 515.2 - Variations in poverty conditions among districts in Indonesia, 2002 576.1 - The DAU formula for 2003 61National Human Development Report 2004ix
TABLES2.1 - Comparison of per capita GRDP and HDI, 2002 122.2 - Trends in income poverty data, 1990-2002 142.3 - Top 10 districts in GDI ranking, 2002 182.4 - Proportion of total bribe payments by income level 193.1 - Patterns of public expenditure on health in selected countries 263.2 - Percentage shares of the poorest and richest 20% of populationin private health spending and in total household expenditure 263.3 - Infant mortality rate among the poorest and richest 20% ofpopulation, deaths per thousand live births 274.1 - Current and modelled per capita primary health expenditure for selected districts 344.2 - Provincial breakdown of food insecurity index and food security cost 394.3 - Annual costs for financing basic rights 43APPENDIXTable 1 - World Bank package of health services and curative care for poor individuals (1999 prices) 45Table 2 - Benefits covered by the poverty health grant 46Table 3 - Per capita costs (Rupiah) 46Table 4 - Primary education, extra costs per pupil 47Table 5 - Junior secondary education, extra costs per pupil 48FIGURES2.1 - Human development index (HDI) 1975-2002 102.2 - Range of HDI values within provinces, 2002 102.3 - Uneven progress in HDI 102.4 - Map of human development index by district, 2002 132.5 - Proportion of the population living in income poverty, 1970-2002 132.6 - Indonesia's Gini coefficient, 1976-2002 142.7 - Human poverty index (HPI), 1999 and 2002 152.8 - HPI by province, 2002 162.9 - Map of human poverty index by district, 2002 162.10 - GDP growth, 1990-2003 172.11 - Distribution of women in the civil service 182.12 - Non-separatist violence, 1990-2003 203.1 - Public expenditure on health and education, average 1996-2000 (% GDP) 244.1 - Components of private health expenditure, 1997 324.2 - Number of schools, 1970-2000 354.3 - Net enrolment in primary and junior secondary education, 1992-2002 364.4 - Ratio of population to police personnel, 1998 424.5 - Ratio of salaries of police to bank employees, 1998 435.1 - Analysis of public social expenditure (selected countries) 505.1a - Per capita public health expenditure in 1993 constant prices 525.1b - Per capita public education expenditure in 1993 constant prices 53xNational Human Development Report 2004
Page 2 and 3: NationalHuman DevelopmentReport 200
Page 4 and 5: ForewordIndonesia has made critical
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsThis Report is a re
Page 8: AbbreviationsAPBDAPBNASEANBAPPENASB
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIndonesiaNational
Page 15 and 16: to meet the Millennium Development
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1Indonesia in transition:To
Page 19 and 20: The place of human development in I
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2The state of human develop
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.4 - Map of human developme
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.4 - Social indicators, 197
Page 27 and 28: of income and corporate taxes has r
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2.10 - GDP growth, 1990-2003
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.4 - Proportion of total bri
Page 33 and 34: In addition, the overall sense of p
Page 35 and 36: themselves. On this basis Indonesia
Page 37 and 38: Box 3.2 - Pathways to human develop
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.3 - Infant mortality rate a
Page 41 and 42: poor is a clear recognition that de
Page 43 and 44: educing the infant mortality rate m
Page 45 and 46: assuming that 1.3 trillion would co
Page 47 and 48: The national figure would certainly
Page 49 and 50: expenditure. In practice, it would
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.2 - Provincial breakdown of
Page 53 and 54: administration, plus an allowance f
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.5 - Ratio of salaries of p
Page 57 and 58: Appendix to Chapter 4Health and edu
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The third is the ‘Special Fund’
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Chapter 5Rethinking fiscal prioriti
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At the very outset, however, it sho
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enforcement particularly for person
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Another risk from decentralization
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Box 5.2 - Variations in poverty con
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physical security - which contribut
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centre, for example, played a signi
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BibliographyAbidin, A. (2002), 1 st
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LPEM-FEUI (2004), Draft Final Repor
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Subbarao, K., A. Bonnerjee, J. Brai
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND IN
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The human development approach brin
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Box 2HDI, HPI-1, GDI and GEMHuman D
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What do the human developmentindice
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Table 1 - Districts making the grea
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Table 2 - Districts with the highes
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Figure 8 - GDI by province, 1999-20
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Figure 12 - HPI by components, 1999
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Technical workshopon human developm
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• The percentage of households wi
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11 Percentage of people with self-t
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Annex 2N a m esGROUP IIChairperson:
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Changes in names due to the formati
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LampungKab. Lampung Selatan (South
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1Human Development Index (HDI)by pr
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3Gender-related Development Index (
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5Human Poverty Index (HPI)by provin
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ProvinceDistrictLiveexpectancy(year
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ProvinceDistrictLife expectancy(yea
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8Gender Development Index (GDI)by d
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ProvinceDistrictProportionof popula
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9Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)by
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ProvinceDistrictParticipationof wom
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ProvinceKabupaten/KotaDistrictParti
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ProvinceKabupaten/KotaDistrictParti
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ProvinceDistrictPeople notexpected
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ProvinceDistrictInfantmortalityrate
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ProvinceDistrictSchool Participatio
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ProvinceDistrictHouseholds withacce
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ProvinceDistrictReal per capita GRD
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ProvinceDistrictLabourforceparticip
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ProvinceDistrictDevelopmentexpendit
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Computing the indicesThe Human Deve
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Calculating the HDIThis illustratio
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Calculating the GDIAs an example, t
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Definitions of Statistical TermsAcc
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School drop-out rate: the proportio
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