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Table 2.3 – Top 10 districts in GDI ranking, 2002DistrictLife Expectancy Adult Literacy Mean year of Contribution to HDI GDI(years) (%) schooling (years) earned income (%)Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male1 Kota Salatiga 72.1 68.1 89.2 97.5 8.9 10.2 47.5 52.5 72.8 72.52 Kota Ambon 73.9 70.0 98.5 99.3 10.1 10.6 50.6 49.4 72.7 71.33 Kota Pematang Siantar 72.8 68.9 98.2 99.3 9.9 10.7 36.2 63.8 74.1 70.44 Kota Denpasar 74.2 70.4 92.0 97.4 10.0 11.5 32.7 67.3 74.9 70.15 Kota Banda Aceh 70.5 66.5 98.5 99.4 10.9 11.4 42.0 58.0 71.9 69.76 Kab. Toba Samosir 68.8 64.9 93.2 99.2 8.4 9.9 52.0 48.0 69.5 69.37 Kota Kediri 70.6 66.6 92.9 97.9 8.8 9.9 42.8 57.2 66.1 69.18 Kota Yogyakarta 74.8 70.9 91.7 98.6 10.0 11.5 33.9 66.1 70.8 68.89 Kota Batam 71.6 67.7 98.8 99.3 10.9 10.9 40.1 59.9 73.2 68.610 Kab. Karo 72.9 69.0 96.0 99.4 8.3 9.1 39.9 60.1 70.9 68.5160,000 higher ‘structural’ echelons, the proportions dropto 16%. Most of these women are employed instead inthe 1.9 million ‘functional’ jobs, such as teachers andnurses (Figure 2.11).Women’s lower status is also reflected in public life.Although Indonesia has a woman president, in the DPRin 2003 there were only 45 women among Indonesia’s462 MPs. This situation did not improve much after the2004 election, despite the new election law passed in 2003which indicated that 30% of candidates on party listsshould be women. Clearly parties did not abide by this.Women’s empowerment generally is registered in theGender Empowerment Measure (GEM), whichincorporates a series of indicators, including women’srepresentation in parliament, the proportion of women insenior official managerial and technical staff positions atwork, as well as women’s non-agricultural wagescompared with men’s. The global human developmentreport does not include Indonesia among the 70 countriesfor which it calculates a GEM. But taking the valuecalculated by BPS for 2002 of 0.546, this would rankIndonesia at 33 out of 71 – between Cyprus and Estonia.On this basis Indonesia also has a GEM rating superior toa number of other countries in the region, including thePhilippines, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand, and the Republicof Korea. The GEM value for 2002 represents a slightincrease over that calculated for 1999. Among theprovinces, women in Central Sulawesi occupy the topposition the GEM ranking in Central Sulawesi, largelybecause of non-agricultural work where they appear tobe paid much the same as men. Last in the ranking isNorth Maluku primarily because there are no women inthe provincial parliament. Bali is also low in the GEMranking for the same reason.A fragile democracyThe democratic system restored following the collapseof the previous regime has at least survived, and to someextent been strengthened. But many of the underlyingweaknesses remain. On the electoral front, there havebeen some significant changes in procedure.Previous elections have been based on a ‘closed list’system where voters could only choose the party. Thishas the disadvantage that members feel more beholden totheir party to get them on the list than to their electorate,so they have little incentive to cultivate their constituents.An opinion poll in April 2003, for example, found thatonly 2% of respondents could name a DPR member whorepresented their province. 10 The outcome of the 2004election may be somewhat better in that it is based on anopen list system that gives voters for the DPR and DPRDan opportunity also to nominate a candidate. For the DPRthe electoral districts were also somewhat smaller.Figure 2.11 – Distribution of women in the civilserviceSource: Statistik Indonesia (2002)10 IFES (2003).18National Human Development Report 2004