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Comparing the per capita regional gross domesticproduct with the HDI does not indicate any consistentlink between economic development and humandevelopment. On the one hand, there are some prosperousurban areas where the HDI is also high; on the other handthere are other cities that are also quite prosperous, suchas a number in Nangro Aceh Darussalam, Riau, and Papua,but which have low HDIs.In principle, government expenditure on social prioritiesthrough public services should be reflected in an increasein the HDI. But this does not seem to be happening. Insteadthe HDI seems to reflect more the result of householdexpenditure on education and health. It appears that localresources, as reflected in the regional domestic products,are still not being targeted towards increasing the level ofsocial services.Of 293 districts for which comparisons can be madebetween 1999 and 2002, 17 experienced declines, and ofthese 12 had falls of greater than 1%. The leading 10district rankings for HDI over the period 1999-2002 arestill dominated by those which are in cities. At the sametime the bottom 10 rankings during this period are still inEast Nusa Tenggara and East Java (Table 2).Figure 6 – Disparities within provinces, East Javaand PapuaGender disparitiesDisparities in human development between men andwomen can be seen in the gender development index(GDI). The GDI, like the HDI, measures achievements inbasic capabilities – life expectancy, levels of education,and the distribution of earned income between men andwomen. If the GDI is the same as the HDI that impliesthat there is no overall gender disparity. But if it is lower,then there are gender disparities. From the measured GDIdata it can be seen that the GDI is in fact lower than theHDI and that there are gender disparities in all districts.The data also indicate that in the period 1999-2002 thegap widened – whereas during the period 1996-99 thegap had narrowed (Figure 7). This indicates a loweringof the reduction in gender disparities. Of 30 provinces,Bangka Belitung has the worst performance in genderdisparity with an increase of 17.6%, followed by EastKalimantan with an increase of 16.6%. Nangroe AcehDarussalam, which is affected by conflict, showed a muchsmaller increase over the period 1999-2002 of 2.9%.Of Indonesia’s 30 provinces, only Bangka Belitung hasa GDI below 50, while all the other provinces have a GDIabove 50.During the period 1999-2002, nine provincesexperienced a fall in the HDI, with the greatest reductionocurring in Papua. The provinces that experienced themost rapid progress were North Sulawesi and CentralSulawesi.Of 341 districts, 114 (34%) had GDIs of less than 50,189 had GDIs between 50 and 60 while on the other hand37 districts had GDIs greater than 50. The top ten rankingfor the GDI during the period 1999-2002 is still dominatedby the city districts (kota), while those in the bottom 10are rural districts (kabupaten) in areas of East Java andEast Nusa Tenggara.The gender empowerment measure (GEM) measuresgender balances in the areas of economic achievement,political participation and decision making. This indexreflects the opportunities for women rather than theircapacities. In 2002, of 30 provinces, nine experienced78National Human Development Report 2004