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educational attainment and inadequacy in access to basicservices. The first indicator is measured by the probabilityof the population not expected to survive to age 40 (P 1).The calculation of this indicator follows the method ofcalculating life expectancy for HDI measurement. Thesecond indicator is measured by adult illiteracy rate (P 2).This is calculated based on SUSENAS 1999 andSUSENAS 2002 data and covers population age 15 andabove. While the limitation on access to basic services(P 3) consists of the following variables:• Percentage of population without access to cleanwater (=P 31). P 31is defined as the percentage of householdusing water source other tap water, water pumpand wheel that is located 10 meters or more fromsewage disposal. This data is collected from SUSENAS1999 and SUSENAS 2002.• Percentage of population without access to healthservices (=P 32). P 32is defined as the percentage ofpopulation lives in the location 5 km or more from healthfacilities. This data is collected from SUSENAS 1999and SUSENAS 2002.• Percentage of children under five years old with lownutritional status (=P 33). P 33is defined as thepercentage of children less than five years old belongto the category of low and medium nutritional status.For this publication, the calculation of HPI followsthe HDR 1997 published by UNDP:HPI = [1/3 (P1 3 + P2 3 + P3 3 )] 1/3Where P3 = 1/3 (P31+ P32 + P33)Procedures for estimating time required toreach particular targetsThe time required to reach particular targets in severalhuman development indicators, as presented in this report,is estimated by assuming that the past speed ofimprovement in those indicators as being constant in thefuture. The speed of improvement here indicates theabsolute changes, as referred to a simple average of annualincrease (or decline), expressed in years. By comparingdata in 1993 (I93), 1996 (I96) and 1999 (I99), 2002 (I02),thus, the annual speed of improvement (s) is given as:s = [(I96 - I93)/3 + (I99 - I96)/3 + (I02 - I99)/3]/3Then, the estimated time (T) to reach particular target orgoal in human development indicators (G) can be simplycalculated as follows:T = (G - I02)/sCalculating the HPIAs an illustration, the following equation shows thecalculation of HDI for Aceh province in 1999:Probability of people not expectedto survive to age 40 - P1 (%) 12.7Adult illiteracy rate -P2 (%) 6.9Population without access tosafe water - P31 (%) 61.5Population without access tohealth services -P32 (%) 37.6Undernourished children under age 5 - P33 35.6The composite of deprivation variablesP3 = 1/3 (61.5+37.6+35.6) = 44.9Human poverty indexHPI = [1/3 (12.7 3 + 6.9 3 + 44.9 3 )] 1/3 = 31.4202 National Human Development Report 2004
Definitions of Statistical TermsAccess to health facilities: the percentage of householdswhose place of residence is less than five kilometres froma health facility (hospital, clinic, community health centre,doctor, nurse, trained midwife, paramedic, etc.).Access to sanitation: the percentage of households whohave either their own private toilet or access to publictoilet facilities.Access to safe water: the percentage of householdswho consume mineral water, tap water, or water fromwater pumps, protected wheels, or protected springs.Average duration of illness: the average number of daysof illness of those who are sick.Births attended by modern health personnel : thepercentage of children aged 0-4 whose birth was attendedby modern medical personnel (doctor, nurse, trainedmidwife, paramedic, etc.).Child mortality rate (IMR): number of babies that diebefore reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births.Consumer price index: an index that indicates the levelof price in a specified province or district relative toJakarta’s standard price (for province) or Jakarta Selatan’s(for district). The index is calculated to standardise therupiah value in a specified province or district. For detailson this, see the technical note.Economic growth: the relative change in the real valueof gross domestic product over a certain time period.Education index: one of the three components of thehuman development index. This is based on the enrolmentratio and the adult literacy rate. The index value is between0 and 100. For details on how the index is calculated, seethe technical note.Enrolment. The gross enrolment ratio is the number ofstudents enrolled at a given level of education, regardlessof age, as a percentage of the official school-agepopulation for that level. The net enrolment ratio is thenumber of children of official school-age enrolled in schoolas a percentage of the number of children of the officialschool-age population. The official school ages inIndonesia are 7-12 for primary school, 13-15 for juniorhigh school, 16-18 for senior high school, and 19-24 fortertiary education.Expenditure on food: the proportion of total expenditureused to buy food.Expenditures on social service: estimation of the stateexpenditures on social service compared to the total statedevelopment expenditures on the public sector.Expenditures on social service priority: estimation ofthe state expenditures on social service priority comparedto the total state development expenditures on socialservice.Expenditures on social service priority against the stateexpenditures: estimation of the state expenditures on socialservice priority compared to the total state developmentexpenditures.Gender empowerment measure (GEM): a compositeindex using variables constructed to measure the decisionmakingpower of women in political and economicactivities. The GEM is based on three indicators: thepercentage of those elected to parliament who are women,the percentage of professionals, technicians, seniorofficials and managers who are women, and women’sshare of earned income. The index value is between 0and 100.Gender-related development index (GDI): a compositeindex using variables constructed to measure humandevelopment achievement taking into account genderdisparity. The GDI components are the same as the HDIcomponents but adjusted to capture the disparity inachievement between men and women. The index valueis between 0 and 100.Gross domestic product: the total amount of grossvalue-added (total output of goods and services) producedby all economic sectors in a country during a certain periodof time.Gross domestic product at constant prices: acalculation of gross domestic product using on prices ina specific base year.Gross domestic product at current prices: the grossdomestic product presented in current prices for therelevant year.Gross domestic product per capita: the value of grossdomestic product divided by total mid-year population.National Human Development Report 2004203
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NationalHuman DevelopmentReport 200
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ForewordIndonesia has made critical
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AcknowledgementsThis Report is a re
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AbbreviationsAPBDAPBNASEANBAPPENASB
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TABLES2.1 - Comparison of per capit
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIndonesiaNational
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to meet the Millennium Development
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Chapter 1Indonesia in transition:To
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The place of human development in I
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Chapter 2The state of human develop
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Figure 2.4 - Map of human developme
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Figure 2.4 - Social indicators, 197
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of income and corporate taxes has r
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Figure 2.10 - GDP growth, 1990-2003
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Table 2.4 - Proportion of total bri
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In addition, the overall sense of p
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themselves. On this basis Indonesia
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Box 3.2 - Pathways to human develop
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Table 3.3 - Infant mortality rate a
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poor is a clear recognition that de
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educing the infant mortality rate m
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assuming that 1.3 trillion would co
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The national figure would certainly
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expenditure. In practice, it would
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Table 4.2 - Provincial breakdown of
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administration, plus an allowance f
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Figure 4.5 - Ratio of salaries of p
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Appendix to Chapter 4Health and edu
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The third is the ‘Special Fund’
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Chapter 5Rethinking fiscal prioriti
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At the very outset, however, it sho
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enforcement particularly for person
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Another risk from decentralization
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Box 5.2 - Variations in poverty con
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physical security - which contribut
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centre, for example, played a signi
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BibliographyAbidin, A. (2002), 1 st
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LPEM-FEUI (2004), Draft Final Repor
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Subbarao, K., A. Bonnerjee, J. Brai
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND IN
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The human development approach brin
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Box 2HDI, HPI-1, GDI and GEMHuman D
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What do the human developmentindice
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Table 1 - Districts making the grea
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Table 2 - Districts with the highes
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Figure 8 - GDI by province, 1999-20
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Figure 12 - HPI by components, 1999
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Technical workshopon human developm
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• The percentage of households wi
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11 Percentage of people with self-t
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Annex 2N a m esGROUP IIChairperson:
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Changes in names due to the formati
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LampungKab. Lampung Selatan (South
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1Human Development Index (HDI)by pr
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3Gender-related Development Index (
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5Human Poverty Index (HPI)by provin
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ProvinceDistrictLiveexpectancy(year
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ProvinceDistrictLife expectancy(yea
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8Gender Development Index (GDI)by d
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ProvinceDistrictProportionof popula
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9Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)by
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ProvinceDistrictParticipationof wom
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ProvinceKabupaten/KotaDistrictParti
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ProvinceKabupaten/KotaDistrictParti
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ProvinceDistrictPeople notexpected
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ProvinceDistrictInfantmortalityrate
Page 163 and 164: ProvinceDistrictInfantmortalityrate
Page 169 and 170: ProvinceDistrictSchool Participatio
Page 177 and 178: ProvinceDistrictHouseholds withacce
Page 185 and 186: ProvinceDistrictReal per capita GRD
Page 193 and 194: ProvinceDistrictLabourforceparticip
Page 201 and 202: ProvinceDistrictDevelopmentexpendit
Page 209 and 210: Computing the indicesThe Human Deve
Page 211 and 212: Calculating the HDIThis illustratio
Page 213: Calculating the GDIAs an example, t
Page 217: School drop-out rate: the proportio
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