LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROBERT: That was isolated from the LSAF outside of NewOrleans.LEN: So Gallo wasn't the only one studying that virus?ROBERT: No, everybody was. These [cultures] were [widelydistributed]. If you go back and look at the veterinary literature,they were looking at all the BLV, bovine leukemia virus lines,bovine syncytium viruses, and bovine visna viruses. And all thesethings were being studied. . . .Well, at this point, they were still essentially noninvasive becausethey were restricted to animals. But, then what happened was inthe late '60s and early '70s they started growing these in humantissue. Early ResearchersLEN: Now when you say 'they,' can you be more specific interms of the labs that you're familiar with that were doing thiswork?ROBERT: Yeah, well virtually every lab in the world that wasdoing sophisticated lymphocyte studies. But particularly Galloand company at the NIH, ahh . . . ahh . . . actually there were onlya few guys you know - Gallo, Montagnier, a couple of guys thatare dead, Baltimore, [7] Teman, [8] and a few others and a fewveterinarians. . . . Dmochowski was interesting because he wasthe first one to show that you could basically adapt retroviruses todifferent mammalian species by growing them in the tissuecultures that you wanted them to go to. Now he's down in Texas.[9]Miller, in 1969, took bovine leukemia virus and injected it intochimpanzees, and the chimpanzees formed antibodies against thevirus. [10] So they concluded that these chimpanzees wereimmune. And so that was the decision for telling everybody thatbovine viruses in human beings posed no threat; which isrelatively true, there is a species barrier.Since the 1950s and even the 1940s Bumy, [11] Bobrow, [12]and all these guys from Europe said these [bovine] viruses poseda threat to humans, so they began a whole program of massextermination of cattle in Europe that carried BLV and otherviruses. [13]In this country, half of our herds are infected with BLV, BFC, orBVV, and the only thing that has prevented, in my opinion,everyone from dying of T-cell leukemia is the fact thatpasteurization of the milk kills viruses.Now if you look at the distribution of T-cell leukemia across theupper United States, from like Minnesota to Wisconsin, there's ahuge incidence of T-cell leukemia in dairy farmers. And if youactually look at some of the studies done in France, they foundthat guys working in meat-packing plants had a greater incidence
of T-cell leukemia too. [13]So there's all this evidence that T-cell leukemia is related to BLV,which it certainly is, [and] for sure, if you culture the virus inhuman tissue and adapt it, what you get [is an HTLV-I-Iike virusthat thrives in humans]. . . .If you look at BVV, bovine visna virus, [13] . . . it's very closelyrelated [to HIV], but it's still not there; it's not the same as AIDSbecause what you have is bovine visna virus - a virus growing incattle - and that's not adapted to humans yet. To adapt it tohumans, you've got to grow it in human tissue, as they weredoing in those early '70s. And what they discovered was that itwas a selective T-cell destroyer [just as the AIDS virus is].French/American ʺBullʺROBERT: Do you know what the true conflict [was] thatoccurred between Gallo and Montagnier?LEN: The one that I'm aware of was that Montagnier allegedlygave him what he thought was the virus, and Gallo supposedlycloned it.ROBERT: That was all bull. . . . Because they both had theviruses growing in their labs in the early 1970s.The real problem was, and what happens is - suppose you take aculture of lymphocytes, you take T-cell lymphocytes and youdump in HTLV-I or II. What happens to the T-lymphocyteculture?LEN: It gets infected, and it proliferates.ROBERT: That's exactly what happens. The tissue grows andgrows and grows in human beings. That's what results inleukemia. You have to take the cells out; they get so packed thatthe tissue culture dies.Now what happens when you dump bovine visna or AIDS virusinto the same tissue cultures?LEN: The cells don't grow.ROBERT: Exactly! They're lysed. They die. So when you comeback in a day or two and look, there's nothing left except debris.And so Gallo couldn't figure out how to make enough virus forthe antibody tests. They needed virus in quantities to geteverything going. And they couldn't get them to reproduce longenough to get large quantities of virus.[I felt the urge to interrupt Strecker at this point since I hadquestioned this same allegation before when Randy Shiltsadvanced it in 'The Band.' Instead, I remained silent, heeding my
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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depend to maintain our relative fre
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ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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the buildup of new susceptibles in
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In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
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immunological and therapeutic proce
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substances used in the diagnosis of
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Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
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In February 1967, as international
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experiments conducted at Porton, En
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technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
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mankind in general, require that th
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experimental studies is to be comme
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the virus genome, the genetic makeu
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[17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
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- Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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- Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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- Page 116 and 117: LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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