At that time, retroviruses were seen to infect chickens, mice, andcats, but not humans. [4]Following his discovery of interleukin-II, a natural substance thatkept cultured T-cells alive and multiplying, Gallo's "careeradvanced smoothly-until the false alarm of 1976. It appeared thathe had discovered a new virus, and proudly, Gallo announced itto the world. When it turned out that an animal virus hadcontaminated his cell line, and there was no new virus, Gallo'sreputation plummeted." [4]"For all his accolades," Shilts recorded, "Bob Gallo remained acontroversial figure in science." Critics saw him as pompous andarrogant. In scientific politics, "he could be ruthless" and "notalways reliable." Gallo himself recognized this criticism reflected"the shadowy side of his character." In his mind however, thispride and arrogance, was required "from the few brave scientistswho challenged nature to yield its secrets." [4]Among his most valuable contributions to the AIDS researcheffort, Shilts acknowledged, was Gallo's cell culturing and virustyping techniques.". . . <strong>By</strong> easily being able to grow lymphocytes, Gallo had alreadyovercome a formidable research barrier. Some viruses eludeddecent study simply because scientists couldn't figure out how topropagate their host cells." [5]"Experiments to detect antibodies [blood markers that are used toindicate exposure to a foreign substance or an active infection] tothe Human T-cell Leukemia virus, HTLV, were performed easilywith reagents sent from Dr. Bob Gallo's lab. . ." [6]What troubled me after reading these sections was the realizationthat he had the cell lines to culture the AIDS virus and theantibodies to detect it before anyone in the world knew what itwas.My selected review of 'The Band' quickly drew my attention toanother interesting oddity. Gallo, credited with having identifiedHTLV-the first isolated retrovirus known to cause leukemia inhumans, in 1980, had apparently shown his retrovirus was linkedto a Japanese outbreak of leukemia. Apparently, Gallo had firstdiscovered this unique retrovirus; then "searched worldwide for adisease that it might cause." [7]"That's kind of like playing pin the donkey on the tail," Imuttered to myself. "A very unusual approach to medicalscience."Allegedly by chance, Gallo stumbled upon Japanese researcherswho were searching for T-cell leukemia's viral culprit.Identifying HTLV, forged a major scientific breakthrough invirology. It also disturbed scientists who recognized that such akiller, due to its long incubation period, could spread widelybefore it caused disease or was even suspected. [7] Somethingwhich Gallo was undoubtedly aware with the NCI's charter
membership in the WHO "lentivirus" or "slow" virus research<strong>net</strong>work.Still, scientists remained doubtful about the importance of Gallo'swork and the future of retrovirus research altogether. Many stuckto the belief that such germs preyed mainly upon chickens, pigs,and cats. [7]So I suspected Gallo's early work probably involved chickens,pigs, and cats. That's interesting, I thought as I rememberedreading in Shilts's anthology that AIDS patients sufferedcomplications very similar to cats infected with feline leukemiavirus:"Both feline leukemia and this new gay disease were marked by atrail of opportunistic infections that seemed to take advantage ofan immune system weakened by a primary infection. In cats, theinfection was a leukemia virus that knocked out the cats' immunesystems and left them open to a number of cancers. Clearly, somesimilar virus was doing the same thing to these homosexual men,and they were getting cancer too. Secondly, feline leukemia has along incubation period; this new disease must have long latencytoo, which is the only way it was killing people in three cities onboth coasts before anybody even knew it existed." [7]Dr. Don Francis, one of the CDC's chief virologists, Shilts noted,quickly realized this association. Next, he examined the uniqueaffnity the mystery disease had to gays and intravenous drugusers, and how similar this was to the distribution of hepatitis Bcases. He rapidly concluded, "Combine these two diseases -feline leukemia and hepatitis - and you have the immunedeficiency." [8]Slow Start Against a ʺHotʺ New Virus"More than a year into the epidemic," Shilts reported, "theNationallnstitutes of Health had no coordinated AIDS plan.Everything was done on the basis of temporary assignments. . . .At Bob Gallo's lab at the NCI's Division of Tumor Cell Biology,"things could have been different, but they were much the same.Only "about 10 percent of the staff effort went into pokingaround the devastated lymphocytes of AIDS patients." This,despite the availability of generous NIH funding. [9]Even more suspicious was the fact that nearly a year after theNCI acknowledged the need to channel its resources to fight theoncoming epidemic, the institute withheld its request for fundingproposals, and failed to free available funds for AIDS researchersoutside Bethesda. [9]With all the financial resources at its disposal, and the earnestneed, why had they held up everyone's search for the AIDSvirus?Furthermore, Shilts wrote that by the end of 1982, "Gallo had had
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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- Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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- Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
- Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
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- Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
- Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
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- Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
- Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
- Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
- Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
- Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
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- Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
- Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
- Page 64 and 65: Not surprisingly then, among the pr
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- Page 84 and 85: - - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
- Page 86 and 87: That same year, Gallo and his cowor
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- Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
- Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
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- Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
- Page 98 and 99: human viruses, and that the genetic
- Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
- Page 102 and 103: father's recommendation that I coul
- Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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- Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
- Page 110 and 111: ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
- Page 112 and 113: ROBERT: They're in the references [
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- Page 116 and 117: LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program