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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987;330:388-391. Thisresearch group, which reported stark similarities between thebovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) and HIV,interestingly enough was funded by the National Cancer Instituteand based at the Frederick (Fort Detrick) Cancer ResearchFacility in Maryland.[6] Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Twenty-Second Edition.Baltimore Maryland: Williams & Wilkins Co., p. 1233.[7] Temin HM. The role of the DNA provirus in carcinogenesisby RNA tumor viruses. In: The Biology of Oncogenic Viruses,LG Silverster, Ed. New York: Elsevier, 1971, 176; Temin HM.The protovirus hypothesis. J. National Cancer Institute1971;46:3. Also see: Temin HM. The participation of DNA inRous sarcoma virus production. Virology 1964; 23:486; TeminHM and Mizutani S. Nature 1970; 226:1211.[8] Baltimore D. Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Nature1970;226:1209.[9] Maruyama K and Dmochowski L. Cross-species transmissionof mammalian RNA tumor viruses. Texas Medicine 1973;69:65-75. Regarding Hilary Koprowski serving at The Wistar Institutein Philadelphia, see: Silversti LG. The Biology of OncogenicViruses. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company,Inc., 1971, p. 332; HuebnerRJ, TodaroGJ, SarrnaP, Hartley JW,FreemanAE, Peters RL, Whitmire CE, Meier H and Gilden RV.Switched Off' Vertically Transmitted C-type RNA TumorViruses as Determinants of Spontaneous and Induced Cancer: ANew Hypothesis of Viral Carcinogenesis. In: Defectiveness,Rescue and Stimulation of Oncogenic Viruses: SecondInternational Symposium on Tumor Viruses, Royaumont, FranceJune 3-5, 1969. Paris: Centre National De La RechercheScientifique, 1970, pp. 33-77; Montagnier L. Alterations de lasurface des cellules BHK21 en rapport avec leur transformationpar des virus ongogenes. Ibid., p. 6; For more on ethnic cancerstudies see: MacMahon B. The ethnic distribution of cancermortality in New York City, 1955. Acta Unio Internat. contracancrum, 1960 16;1716; Newill VA. Distribution of cancermortality among ethnic subgroups of the white population ofNew York City, 1953-58. J. National Cancer Institute196126:405.[10] Miller JM, Miller LD, Olsen C and Gillette KG. Virus-likeparticles in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte cultureswith references to bovine lymphosarcoma. Journal NationalCancer Institute 1969;43:1297-1305. See also: Miller JM andVan Der Maaten MJ. The biology of bovine leukemia virusinfection in cattle. In: Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers:Book B. Essex M, Todaro G, and zur Hausen H, Eds. ColdSpring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, Vol. 7, NewYork: Cold Spring Harbor Lahoratory, 1980, pp.901-909.[11] Burny A, Bex F, Chantrenne J, Cleuter Y, Dekegel D,Ghysdael J, Kettmann R, Leclercq M, Leunen J, Marnrnerickx Mand Portetelle D. Bovine leukemia virus involvement in enzootic
ovine leucosis [lymphosarcoma in cattle]. Adv. Cancer Res.1978;28:251; See also: Bumy A, Bruck G, Cleuter y et al. Bovineleukemia virus, a distinguished member of the human T-lymphotropic virus family. Soc. Press. Tokyo: VNU SciencePress, Utrecht, pp. 219-227,1983[12] Bobrow SN, Smith RG, Reitz MS and Gallo RC. Stimulatednormal human lymphocytes contain a ribonuclease-sensitiveDNA polymerase distinct from viral RNA-directed DNApolymerase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1972;69;11:3228-3232; GalloRC, Pestka S, Smith RG, Herrera, Ting RC, Bobrow SN, Davis Cand Fujioka S. RNA-and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases ofhuman normal and leukemic cells. In Silvestri, L. (Ed.): II.Lepetit Colloquia on Biology and Medicine "The Biology ofOncogenic Viruses." Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1971, p. 210.[13] Mussgay M, Dietzschold B, Lorenz R, Matheka HD,Matthaeus W, Straub OC, Weiland F, Wilesmith JW, Frenzel Band Kaaden o. Some properties of bovine leukemia virus, its usein seroepidemiological studies, and eradication of the diseasefrom infected herds. In: Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers:Book B. M. Essex, G. Todaro and H zur Hausen, Eds. New York:Cold Spring Hamor Laboratory, 1980, pp. 911-925; FlensburgJC. Attempt to eradicate leukosis from a dairy herd by slaughterof cattle with lymphocytosis. Report over a ten-year period. Vet.Microbiol. 1976 1 :301; Callahan R, Lieber MM, Todaro GJ,Graves DC and Ferrer FJ. Bovine leukemia virus genes in theDNA of leukemic cattle. 1976 Science 192:1005; Crespeau S,Sarsat FP, Vuillaume A, Levy D and Parodi AL. A two-yearsero-epidemiological survey of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)infection in a high-incidence area of the southwest of France.Ann. Rech. Vet. 19789:747; Haase A. The slow infection causedby visna virus. Curl: Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 197572:101.;Narayan 0, Griffin DE and Clements JE. Virus mutation during"slow infection"- Temporal development and characterization ofmutants ofvisna virus recovered from sheep. J. Gen. Virol.197841:343.[14] Though I was unable to locate the Montagnier publicationre: placing EBV into infected T-cell culture to keep them alive, Idid locate several articles published in the early 1970s that notedthe presence EBV caused lymphocytes to proliferate. Severalpapers were presented during conferences attended by bothMontagnier and Gallo that emphasized the role of EBV inmolecular biology and tumor virology. Gallo wrote about thework of Pagano and the role ofEBV in human cancer in his 1977book, referred to EBV as a model oncogenic virus: "Theevidence with EBV, although not definitive, has been extendedfrom Burkitt's lymphoma to nasopharyngeal carcinomas." So hewas certainly well aware of the ability of EBV to promptlymphocytic proliferation. See: Gallo R. Recent Advances inCancer Research: Cell Biology. Molecular Biology, and TumorVirology, Volume I. Cleveland: CRC Press, Inc., 1977; In 1971EBVwas also studied by Gallo and co-workers. See FujiokaS and
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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depend to maintain our relative fre
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ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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the buildup of new susceptibles in
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In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
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immunological and therapeutic proce
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substances used in the diagnosis of
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Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
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In February 1967, as international
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experiments conducted at Porton, En
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technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
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mankind in general, require that th
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experimental studies is to be comme
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the virus genome, the genetic makeu
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[17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
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Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
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information, I decided to call the
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contamination) to help with manufac
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nation. There is but one logical co
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each part in terms of objectives -
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weapons, and all other methods of b
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two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
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Not surprisingly then, among the pr
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and biological warfare. Indianapoli
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Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
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At that time, retroviruses were see
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Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
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Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
Page 98 and 99: human viruses, and that the genetic
Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
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Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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Page 114 and 115: started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
Page 116 and 117: LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
Page 118 and 119: apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
Page 120 and 121: slowly, and not fast. And that they
Page 124 and 125: GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
Page 126 and 127: history, organization, and program
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