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the virus genome, the genetic makeup or reproductive blueprintof the viruses, their chemical reaction triggers, or enzymes, orother "virus-associated intracellular substances." They orderedstudy of the "specific changes in the metabolism" of virusinfected cells, and wrote:"Any genetic structure peculiar to viruses suspected of causingcancer should be identified and mapped out. Immunologicalmethods might prove of value, since virus-transformed cells carryantigenic [that is, foreign chemical] markers. . . . A rust step insuch research would be to induce transformation [cancers] invarious experimental animals with viruses that commonly infectman. . . ." [30]"The Group also suggested that, although there is no reason atpresent to suspect transmission of animal cancer viruses to man,any possible relationship that might exist between bovine [cow]lymphosarcoma [cancer of the lymphatic cells and tissues] orother mammalian leukemias and human leukemia should beexplored, both by epidemiological studies and by laboratoryresearch on suspected etiological agents." [31]"That's exactly what Strecker alleged brought on the AIDSepidemic," I said. Could this research have really created HIVand AIDS-related diseases like lymphomas and sarcomas?Hot Viruses During the Cold WarIt soon became obvious that by the late 1960s, the WHO's viralresearch program shifted into hyperdrive. [32-35] After readingseveral papers about their major advances, my attention focusedon additional written conflrmation of the USPHS's and the NCI'sleading role in the WHO's viral and cancer research program.Perhaps not coincidentally, at the exact time the DOD petitionedCongress to fund their AIDS-like virus project, the WHOannounced its center for viral research and development was theNCI. [36-39]By 1968 - ten years into their viral research program - the NCIand WHO reference centers in Copenhagen, Denmark, andLausanne, Switzerland, had served as authorized technicaladvisers and suppliers of "prototype virus strains, diagnostic andreference reagents [e.g., antibodies], antigens, and cell cultures"[22] for more than "120 laboratories in 35 different countries."[23]Within a year of this announcement, this number increased to"592 virus laboratories. . . . [O]nly 137 were outside Europe andNorth America." [24] Over these twelve months, four of the mostactive centers, including the CDC and NCI, distributed "2,514strains of viruses, 1,888 ampoules of antisera mainly forreference purposes, 1,274 ampoules of antigens, and about 100samples of cell cultures." [22] More than 70,000 individual
eports of virus isolations or related serological tests had beentransmitted through the WHO network. [23]"This sounds like something out of a James Bond novel." Jackieresponded. "I expect to read the word SPECTRE any minutenow."Instead, we read that the NIH in Bethesda and the NationalCommunicable Disease Center in Atlanta, the predecessor of theCDC, had made great progress in testing vaccines produced inlarge quantities in horses.We soon learned that the horses were actually stabled and testedin Frederick, MD at Fort Detrick, America's premier biologicalweapons testing center.‐NOTES‐[1] Langer E. Chemical and biological weapons: Once overlightly on Capitol Hill. Science 1967. 156;778:1073-5.[2] Anonymous. War on chemical and biological warfare. Nature1968 218;145:905-6.[3] Lesse S. Editorial: Poison and the United States Public HealthService-a study of medical perversion. American Journal ofPsychotherapy 1975;29;4:463-5.[4] Beckwith J. Science for the people. Annals of the NewYorkAcademy of Sciences 1972 196;4:236-40.[5] Anonymous. Can biological war be stopped? Nature1968219;155:665-6.[6] Crozier D. and Woodward TE. Report on research activitiesof the Commission on Epidemiological Survey. MilitaryMedicine 1967 132;8:609-13.[7]Wallach DP. Deterrent value ofCB research. Science 1968161;842:631.[8] Lederberg J. Biological warfare: a global threat. AmericanScientist 197159;2:195-7.[9] Anonymous. The biological bomb. Lancet 1968;1;540:465.[10] Staff writer. War on chemical and biological warfare. Nature1968;218:905-906.[11] The incomplete reference was given as "Hersh SM.Chemical and biological warfare. Indianapolis, N.Y., 1968.[12] Anonymous. Control of microbiological warfare. The Lancet1968;2;564:391.[13] World Health Organization. Biomedical research: WHO'scommitments examined. WHO Chronicle 1975;29:417-422.[14] McCrary DI. Letter to the Editor: Moral issues ofCBwarfare. Science 1967 156;780:1307-8.[15] WHO Group of Consultants. Chemical and biologicalweapons: The hazard to health. WHO Chronicle 197024;3:99-108.[16] Horowitz LG, Lewis PL, and Cohen P. AIDS-related fear:Beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. Chicago Dental Society Review1993;86;2:18-23.
Page 2 and 3: EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
Page 4 and 5: inherent in the production of live
Page 6 and 7: natural barrier and has been shown
Page 8 and 9: "DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
Page 10 and 11: mass of circumstantial and scientif
Page 12 and 13: investigators, for a grossly uninfo
Page 14 and 15: NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
Page 16 and 17: Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
Page 18 and 19: viruses in the cow carcasses used t
Page 20 and 21: depend to maintain our relative fre
Page 22 and 23: ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
Page 24 and 25: the buildup of new susceptibles in
Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
Page 28 and 29: lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
Page 30 and 31: immunological and therapeutic proce
Page 32 and 33: substances used in the diagnosis of
Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
Page 38 and 39: experiments conducted at Porton, En
Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
Page 44 and 45: experimental studies is to be comme
Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
Page 58 and 59: each part in terms of objectives -
Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
Page 64 and 65: Not surprisingly then, among the pr
Page 66 and 67: and biological warfare. Indianapoli
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
Page 70 and 71: At that time, retroviruses were see
Page 72 and 73: it up to here with this goddamn dis
Page 74 and 75: Collusion at the TopJim Goedert was
Page 76 and 77: HTLV-III publication in Francis's p
Page 78 and 79: the footprints of a retrovirus allo
Page 80 and 81: questions. Had Gallo been ashamed o
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
Page 84 and 85: - - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
Page 86 and 87: That same year, Gallo and his cowor
Page 88 and 89: team discussed the synthesis of new
Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
Page 94 and 95: [5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
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Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
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human viruses, and that the genetic
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LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
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father's recommendation that I coul
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LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
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LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
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ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
Page 126 and 127:
history, organization, and program
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