two checks totaling $33,655.68 to the White House. . . ." Thismoney, the report said, was used to help fund Richard Nixon'supcoming reelection campaign, and was allegedly spent fordirect-mail expenses. [18]So as Nixon administration officials were stalling the announcedbiological weapons cutback, the president was being rewarded byAmerica's espionage establishment, I realized, though the twomay not have been related.In April 1970, E. Howard Hunt, most famous for orchestratingthe Watergate break - in which led to President Nixon'sresignation, allegedly "retired from the CIA after having servedin it for over twenty years."With the help of the CIA's External Employment Affairs Branch,The Rockefeller Commission reported that Hunt then obtained ajob with Robert R. Mullen and Company, a Washington, D.C.,public relations firm, a CIA "front". [18]"The Mullen Company itself had for years cooperated with theAgency by providing cover abroad for Agency officers, carryingthem as ostensible employees of its offices overseas. Hunt, whileemployed by Mullen, orchestrated and led the [Dr. Lewis]Fielding and Watergate break-ins and participated in otherquestionable activities. . . .""During 1971, the CIA, at the request of members of the WhiteHouse staff, provided alias documents and disguise materials, atape recorder, camera, film and film processing to E. HowardHunt. . . .""Some of these materials were used by Hunt and [G. Gordon]Liddy in preparing for and carrying out the entry into the officeof Dr. Fielding, Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist. In particular, theCIA at Hunt's request developed pictures taken by him of thatoffice in the course of his reconnaissance for the break-in." [18]It took till 1974 before a stunned public learned that at least fourCIA operatives had engineered "Watergate" allegedly to discreditSenator Edward (Ted) Kennedy who was viewed as Nixon's onlyformidable Democratic rival.Nostalgic ForeshadowingIn retrospect, Ted Kennedy's brother Bobby had been considereda "shoe-in" for defeating Nixon in the 1968 presidential election.He was assassinated not long after Dr. Martin Luther King wasshot and killed. Besides embodying the Kennedy mystique,Bobby was gaining in the polls for being sharply critical ofAmerica's increasingly unpopular involvement in Vietnam. Inparticular, both John and Bobby Kennedy had found the use ofchemical and biological weapons abhorrent. [18,22]
" "These horrors, Bobby said, were the responsibility of allAmerican citizens, not just the administration's policymakers. "Itis we," he said, "who live in abundance and send our young menout to die. It is our chemicals that scorch the children and ourbombs that level the villages. We are all participants." " [22]Unlike his brothers, Ted Kennedy's position on CBW and related"defense" research was one of moderate tolerance. He allegedthat "society must give its informed consent to technologicalinnovation." On the other hand, he argued that the "prospects ofsignificant medical advances" surely outweigh the "hazards ofsaying no" to such exploration. "The particular field of DNAsplicingresearch," he commented not long after Bobby'sassassination is "far from being an idle scientific toy." [23]Ted Kennedy, I also learned that afternoon in the governmentdocuments library, had been appointed to serve as vice presidentof NATO during the Nixon and Ford administrations. [24]Onward and UpwardWith Jack and Bobby out of the way, the King-led civil rightsmovement in disarray, and Ted on board and politicallyneutralized, the manufacturers of war and biological weapons goton with their business.Researchers at the NCI were now hard at work filling the DOD'sorder for AIDS-like viruses. Because of the adverse politicalclimate, and Nixon's superficial endorsement of the Genevaaccord, funding needed to be secured covertly through an"amendment to the appropriation bill for the Departments ofLabor and of Health, Education and Welfare." [25]This was how it came to pass that Fort Detrick - the world'slargest and most active biological weapons facility - was virtuallyovertaken by the NIH and NCI for allegedly "peaceful uses." Thecost of the conversion (approved by the U.S. Senate) was $15million. [25]"The proposals by the National Institutes of Health were judgedthe most meritorious and seem to have had the agreement inprinciple of Mr. Robert Finch, previous Secretary of theDepartment of Health, Education and Welfare, and Dr. LeeDubridge, former science adviser to the President. . . ." [25]All of Fort Detrick's staff were, as Nature reported, "lookingforward with great expectation to taking on the health researchprojects the National lnstitutes of Health would assign thelaboratories. . . ." Since many scientists at Fort Detrick were "inany case involved in basic research and some are alreadycooperating in projects with the National Cancer Institute, therewould not be much of a shift." [25]
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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- Page 16 and 17: Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
- Page 18 and 19: viruses in the cow carcasses used t
- Page 20 and 21: depend to maintain our relative fre
- Page 22 and 23: ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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- Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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- Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
- Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
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- Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
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- Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
- Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
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- Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
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- Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
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- Page 82 and 83: Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
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- Page 94 and 95: [5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
- Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
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- Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
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- Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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- Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program