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the buildup of new susceptibles in the absence of routinevaccination creates an explosive situation resulting in the familiarpattern of epidemics of smallpox followed by epidemics ofvaccination. . . " [5]WHOʹs Developing Viral NetworkApplauding WHO's support for pioneering work in viralresearch, Dr. D. A. Tyrrell reported the common cold (rhino)virus provided valuable insights into the burgeoning field ofvirology. In the early 1960s, WHO designated Tyrrell's researchunit in the United Kingdom and the National Institutes of Health(NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, as "two International ReferenceCentres. . . in order to promote their [respiratory virus] study,"From here, newly developed techniques for virus cultivation,Tyrrell wrote, were widely applied:"Hundreds of strains of rhinoviruses have been isolated andshown to be antigenically distinct from at least some otherstrains. They have been reported in the scientific literature undera confusing variety of designations, and it was accordinglydecided at a meeting of the Directors of the WHO VirusReference Centers to undertake collaborative study in which seraand strains were distributed to a number of laboratories so thatcross neutralization tests could be performed of all wellcharacterizedand apparently new strains. This work wassupported by the US Vaccine Development Board [emphasisadded] and coordinated by the two WHO International ReferenceCentres. . . .""Work on these viruses," Tyrrell continued, demanded "a supplyof cells" that were "sensitive to such organisms." It requiredconsiderable work to find such cells. Often cell lines would"change their sensitivity after prolonged cultivation." TheReference Centres, thus, maintained stocks of cells, "stored inliquid nitrogen," which they distributed to labs conducting viralresearch throughout the world.Some viruses that failed to grow in the usual tissue cultures,Tyrrell revealed, "were propagated in cultures of the humantrachea and nose," that is, "in the organs and tissues in whichthey multiply in nature." These viruses, some "new rhinoviruses,"and other new types "never before detected in man were"disseminated through the WHO <strong>net</strong>work of Virus ReferenceCentres." [6]"So, let me get this straight," Jackie said. "World renownedscientists developed WHO policies and practices, studied anddistributed viruses, with financial support from groups like the'U.S. Vaccine Development Board.' Was the board, like theWHO connected to any pharmaceutical companies?"
"I'm not sure," I replied, "but most likely. There was obviouslylots of money to be made with vaccines, and only a fewcompanies made them.""Which ones?""Well Merck, Sharp and Dohme (MSD) is one of the largest, andthey did fund the hepatitis B vaccine research Strecker allegedspread HIV to homosexuals in America."Another report four months later showed Israeli scientists weresupported by the WHO to study the ge<strong>net</strong>ic determinants of thehuman immune response. [7]A few others stated that the WHO was funding several programsdesigned to evaluate the specific disease vulnerabilities ofminority groups - from American Indians [8] to African natives[9] - through the collection and analysis of "gene pools" and"blood supplies." [10]"That's just what the Nazis did," Jackie recalled."Here are a couple more articles noting the WHO and the U.S.Vaccine Development Board also funded 'large-scale humantrials' of newly developed vaccines made from both bacteriall andviruses." [12,13,14]"Let me see."I passed the reports over to my co-investigator."Just as Strecker reported," Jackie said after reading the articlescarefully."Yeah. I hate to say it, but maybe there's something to his theory.Their 'smallpox eradication program' used vaccines made fromantisera made largely in the United States and given for free toAfrican countries, including Kenya, Ethiopia, Guinea, TheDemocratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda."The Democratic Republic of the Congo, which eventuallybecame Zaire, they said would 'have a sufficient productioncapacity to supply the needs of all the African countries south ofthe Sahara."' [13,14]"That's interesting, and very noble," Jackie retorted somewhatcynically. "Zaire-the center of the African AIDS belt-supplyingneighboring countries with the technology and expertise theyneeded to become healthier and more self-sufficient is great. Ionly wonder who paid for it and why?""I just read that their vaccine development committee endorsed a1970 African campaign budget of $14 million," I answered. [15]"That was a lot of money for those days.""About how much in present dollars?" I asked my moremathematically gifted partner."Say about five times that, around $70 million.""Much of it apparently came from the United States and otherworld governments interested in Africa. And periodic infusionsof more cash for revaccination campaigns were needed andsupplied."[16]The Lausanne Laboratories
Page 2 and 3: EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
Page 4 and 5: inherent in the production of live
Page 6 and 7: natural barrier and has been shown
Page 8 and 9: "DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
Page 10 and 11: mass of circumstantial and scientif
Page 12 and 13: investigators, for a grossly uninfo
Page 14 and 15: NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
Page 16 and 17: Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
Page 18 and 19: viruses in the cow carcasses used t
Page 20 and 21: depend to maintain our relative fre
Page 22 and 23: ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
Page 28 and 29: lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
Page 30 and 31: immunological and therapeutic proce
Page 32 and 33: substances used in the diagnosis of
Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
Page 38 and 39: experiments conducted at Porton, En
Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
Page 44 and 45: experimental studies is to be comme
Page 46 and 47: the virus genome, the genetic makeu
Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
Page 58 and 59: each part in terms of objectives -
Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
Page 64 and 65: Not surprisingly then, among the pr
Page 66 and 67: and biological warfare. Indianapoli
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
Page 70 and 71: At that time, retroviruses were see
Page 72 and 73: it up to here with this goddamn dis
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Collusion at the TopJim Goedert was
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HTLV-III publication in Francis's p
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the footprints of a retrovirus allo
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questions. Had Gallo been ashamed o
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Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
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- - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
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That same year, Gallo and his cowor
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team discussed the synthesis of new
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STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
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and pellets seperated. The pellets
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[5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
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Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
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human viruses, and that the genetic
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LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
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father's recommendation that I coul
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LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
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LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
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ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program
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