team discussed the synthesis of new RNA tumor viruses inducedby 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU), a constituent of RNA in rodentcell cultures, and noted that chemical treatment might be used tohalt the reverse transcriptase-linked viral reproduction cycle. [17]They were apparently looking for a cure for AIDS-like symptomsas early as 1972.Then I read a Gallo team discussion in 1973, which concernedthe origin of the RD 114 cat-human virus. "It can always beargued," they wrote, that a virus that jumped species would beexpected to have foreign protein markers, that is, antigens, thatdiffer "from the antigen found on the viruses of known" origin.[18]So if Gallo and his coworkers had synthesized HIV for militaryor medical purposes from various animal virus components, Irealized, it would be difficult if not impossible to prove.Finally, in another report published in the 'Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences,' Gallo and associates proclaimedthey had isolated a virus-like particle from human acute, that is,quick-acting, leukemic WBCs. This particle, they noted, has aspecific density of 1.16-1.17 g/ml, which allowed it to berepeatedly recovered without being destroyed by physicalhandling. Moreover, it was capable of producing the principalrapidly growing cancers seen in AIDS, including leukemias,sarcomas, and carcinomas. [19]In conclusion, I learned that Gallo and his group of researcherscreated numerous AIDS-like viruses for more than a decadebefore Luc Montagnier announced the discovery of LA V.Links to the DODThroughout my review of Gallo's research, besides citing the NCIas his chief source of support, the names Bio<strong>net</strong>ics, Bio<strong>net</strong>icsResearch Laboratories, and Litton Bio<strong>net</strong>ics, Inc., repeatedlyappeared (see fig. 6.6).For days, I wondered who or what Bio<strong>net</strong>ics was? This mysteryended when I retraced Ted Strecker's steps through the Ni<strong>net</strong>yfirstCongress's House hearings on DOD appropriations for 1970.The Congressional Record contained several sections dealingwith chemical and biological weapons funding. One containedthe list of major Army contractors shown in fig. 6.7.Bio<strong>net</strong>ics Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of LittonIndustries, Inc. was sixth on the list of acknowledged biologicalweapons contractors. [20]Later congressional records showed that Bio<strong>net</strong>ics's affiliate -Litton Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Litton Industries, Inc. - wasamong the most frequently contracted companies involved in BWresearch and development between 1960 and 1970.20 AdditionalBW contractors with whom Dr. Gallo or his coworkersassociated during the late 1960s and early 1970s included theUniversities of Chicago, Texas, Virginia, California, Yale, and
New York. [21]Breaking the NewsI emerged from my two weeks of laborious isolation noticeablypale. My mind raced with questions about the risk of continuingthe investigation. I also wondered how I would break the wholetruth about my findings to Jackie. The pragmatist in our family,she would immediately consider the sensitivity of the informationand its potential affect on our lives.Following a brief summation of my findings aided by the sixpages of tables I had developed (see fig. 6.8), Jackie shattered along and anxious silence. "What are you going to do now?""I don't know. What do you think I should do with this kind ofinformation?""Bury it! Or else we'd better get the hell out of this country. Doyou know what the risk is in getting this information out?""I don't even want to think about it.""Well you'd better think about it," she ordered. "Look whathappened to Strecker's brother and that congressman fromIllinois."And what about Strecker? Have you been able to reach him?""No. Every time I call, the phone just rings and rings. And thatother doctor from Georgia who wrote that article about Strecker,William Douglass, I've left a half-dozen messages for him on hisanswering machine, but he's never returned one.""Well you better find out if Strecker's still alive before you doanything else," Jackie said.That night before bed, after her initial shock lessened, I said,"You know, this thing is bigger than just us. This is about theworld. The kind of world we'll leave behind for our children.""I know it," Jackie replied. "That's what scares me most."- - - - -Fig 6.6 - Sample Publication Documenting Robert Gallo's WorkWith Investigators at Litton Bio<strong>net</strong>ics:NATURE VOL. 228. DECEM8ER 5, 1970RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase of Human Acute leukaemicCellsbyROBERT C. GALLO.Section on Cellular Control Mechanisms,Human Tumor Cell Biology Branch,National Cancer Institute.National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, Maryland 20014
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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depend to maintain our relative fre
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ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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the buildup of new susceptibles in
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In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
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immunological and therapeutic proce
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substances used in the diagnosis of
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Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
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In February 1967, as international
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- Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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