Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick RunsThrough BethesdaONCE again, from the bowels of Countway's dusty basementcame a wealth of information about Fort Detrick. As the WHOand NCI viral research quietly expanded, a growing wave ofworld opposition to biological weapons (BW) came crashingdown on Detrick's gate.The scene was set in 1968 as these Army biowarfare labs wereoperating at full tilt on numerous assignments, including thetesting of synthetic viruses designed to attack the very nature ofhuman immunity.At the same time, medical experts and political leaders fromaround the world shamed America for its continued BW programand its use of chemical weapons in Vietnam.As a calculated public relations ploy designed to bolster saggingpublic opinion and counter threatened congressional funding,Detrick's public relations department announced the Fort's plan tocelebrate its silver anniversary.In response, protests erupted onDetrick's perimeter. [1-8]Detrickʹs Silver AnniversaryFort Detrick was the nation's, and likely the world's, "largest andmost sophisticated" BW testing center. The facility employedsome 300 scientists, including 140 microbiologists, 40 of whomhad PhDs, 150 specialists "in other disciplines ranging from plantpathology to mathematical statistics," and between 700 and 1,000supporting staff. The operation occupied "some 1,230 acres offederally owned land" upon which 450 structures weremaintained. It produced annually "some 900,000 mice, 50,000guinea pigs, 2,500 rabbits. . . and 4,000 monkeys." There wasalso a large "corral" area for holding larger animals such ashorses, cattle, and sheep. The cost of running Detrick's BWresearch alone was reported as $21.9 million in 1969. [1-3]Among the academic festivities planned for Detrick's twenty-fifthanniversary was an international symposium dealing with the"entry and control of foreign nucleic acid" into cells during theprocess of human and animal immunosuppression. The frankthreat of manipulating nature's own ge<strong>net</strong>ic blueprint for life, andcelebrating its possibilities, brought sharp protests from leadingscientists. Despite their harshest warnings, on April 4 and 5,1969, Detrick played host to the American Institute of BiologicalSciences (AIBS) - sponsored event.The AIBS involvement additionally outraged conscientiousobjectors.
A boycott ensued that was believed to be unparalleled in the"stormy history of relationships between the military and thescientific cornrnunity." [4]Science news reported:"At least 16 scientists refused to give papers at a Detricksponsoredsymposium on nucleic acids as part of a halfspontaneous,half organized protest against the use of science fordestructive military purposes. Some scientists rejected Detrick'sinvitation shortly after it was received; others accepted theinvitation, but then, after receiving letters and calls from theircolleagues, decided to withdraw. Four scientists even withdrewafter the final program had been printed, thus forcing Detrick torearrange the program at the last minute.""Pickets marched outside Detrick's main gate carrying signs thatproclaimed "Fort Detrick IS NOT a Respectable ScientificInstitution" and "Fort Detrick Scientists are Prostitutes." One signasked "Want to Get Sick? Consult Your Local Physician at FortDetrick"; and several signs were decorated with drawings ofskulls." [4]Mark Ptashne, a Harvard graduate researcher, declined on thegrounds that he found Detrick's work "highly repellant" and did"not want my name associated with Fort Detrick." Dean Fraser, aprofessor of microbiology at Indiana University, balked atcelebrating research conducted in an effort to develop BW. Hewrote in declining his invitation, "It seems at best a little likecommemorating the creation of the electric chair and at worstlike celebrating the establishment of Dachau." [4]Even some AIBS officials appealed the event. Dr. John Allen anda group of AIBS board members published a clarification noticein 'Science' citing their principal concerns:"It is not appropriate nor proper for an organization representinga large segment of the biological community to activelyparticipate in a celebration honoring 25 years of biological andchemical warfare research. . . . It is not proper for AIBS to lendits name and prestige to this celebration indirectly conveying theimpression that AIBS actively favors this aspect of DefenseDepartment activity. . . . The essential issue is a moral one. . . ."[5]World consensus among physicians and scientists was much thesame.Calling Fort DetrickConsidering that the symposium papers on the "entry andcontrol of foreign nucleic acid" might hold important
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LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
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father's recommendation that I coul
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LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
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the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
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LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
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ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program